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ÖZET Dünya son iki yüzyılda, yüzyıllar boyunca yaşadığı değişimlerden daha büyük bir değişimle karşılaştı. Bu değişimin kaynağı yeni tür enerjilerin ve sonrasında teknolojilerin ortaya çıkması idi. Böylelikle son iki yüzyılda dünya yepyeni çağlan artarda yaşadı. Endüstri devrimi, atom çağı derken kendimizi birdenbire bilgi ve enformasyon çağında buluverdik. Enformasyon çağı günümüz insanının hem iş hayatını hem de günlük yaşamım oldukça farklı biçimlere dönüştürdü. Bunun ardındaki nedeni analiz etmek için bu çağın karakteristiklerini irdelemek gerekli idi. Bu konuda uluslararası literatürde yakın tarihli pek çok araştırma var ancak ulusal literatürümüz bu konuda çok zengin değil. Bütün bu noktalan gözönünde bulundurarak enformasyonu ve onun teknolojisini inceleyerek, bu teknolojiden organizasyonlann en uygun biçimde nasıl yararlanabileceğini ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Bu çalışmada öncelikle enformasyon ve enformasyon teknolojisinin karakteristiklerini, gelişimini ortaya koyarak başladık. Daha sonra ise devrimsel nitelik taşıyan bu olgunun organizasyonlar için stratejik uygulama modelleri tartışıldı. Organizasyon yapışma etkisi ve organizasyonel değişimi gerçekleştirme amacıyla kullanımı incelendi. Çalışmanın son bölümünde Türk sanayii şirketlerindeki Enformasyon teknolojisinin durumuna ilişkin olarak yapmış olduğumuz anket araştırması ve sonuçlannın analizi ortaya konuldu. Vll SUMMARY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The term change is one of the words that we have begun to hear from various sources in the late 90' s. Change and his relative word transformation are now leading the world to a new era. Our world has lived a lot of significant changes during centuries. But the most important and sudden changes are occured during 20th century. During this century we have lived industrial revolution, atomic age and finally information revolution one after another. On the year 1946 the first computer `Eniac` was produced. That time a new age which accepts information as a ruler guide was introduced. Having these aspects in mind, this project aims to define the properties of information, analyze its aspects and finding out the characteristics of this concept's technology, that we name it; Information Technology. We can summarize some characteristics of Information Technology as follows: Information breaks the borders through the world. Being uncontrollable, the same information flows to the people from all aroun the world easily. Also information age changes the way we live. In the beginning of the 20th century, the people were going to workplaces by light or heavy transportation vehicles. Now information age worker, works at home by the help of information technology. Information technology brings the job to home. So there are no traffic-jams, no social problems at all. Ofcourse all of these represent future views of of Information age, but also today we began to benefit from those aspects. Information age requires different kinds of people than todays. Trained, continously trained and continously improved people are the ones who will drive information age far beyond. Till now we have summarized some social characteristics of information and its age. By saying that the people forms the organizations, the same changes can also be seen on the enterprises. The classical organization hierarchy shape has also changed. Because of introduction of information workers to the work organization, the middle management level's size shortens, the information workers are not only blue-collared or white-collared; they are the integration of these two and can be named as specialists of own fields. The organizational structure shift from classical hierarchies to new hierarchies is presented on the following figure. V1UFigure : Classical & New Organizational Hierarchies One of the famous guru's of professional management, Peter Drucker names this kind of organizations as `information-based`. As Drucker [1] mentioned; the equilibrium of the employment area shifts from the clerical and bureaucratic jobs through information based jobs. The implication for this shift sourcing from the information technology mostly. For the information based organizations, one good example can also be presented. This is the symphonic orchestra. During the concert, tens of musicians play together at the same time. According to classic hierarchical rules, there ought to be some vice- presidents, supervisors or superintendents. However in the symphonic orchestras there are only one chief and groups of specialists. This situation presents the ideal organization form of information-based enterprises. And these organizations also differ from the others with information technology usages. In general, information technology is a technology of processing and communicating information. We can describe some information usages as follows: 1. Hardware: Huge-sized mainframe applications to micro-computers. 2. Software: Traditional and 4th generation languages to artificial intelligence and expert systems. 3. Networks: Local and Wide Area networks to narrow communication bands. 4. Workstations: Engineerial designed to banking and marketing applications. 5. Robotic: Robots used in the production to Automated Teller Machines of banking. 6. Smart chips: Reliability experiments to neural systems. Some other applications of information technology can also be seen in various environments. A related change in the organizations with the adoption of information technology is the transformation of the way that business is conducted. Computers prepare invoices, issue checks, keep track of movement of stock, and store personnel and payroll records. Word processing and personal computers are changing the patterns of office IXwork, and the spread of information technology is affecting the efficiency and competitiveness of business, the structure of work force and the overall growth of economic output. Many people believe that the primary driving force behind this information revolution is progress in micro-electronic technology, particularly in the development of integrated circuits or chips. Thus the reason is that computing power that used to fill a room and cost $1 million now stands on a desk and costs $5000 is that a society happens to have benefited from series of spectacularly succesfull mentions in the field of electronics, electronics is almost synonymous in today's economies with information technology. This is what distinguishes electronics from other forms of technology. An electronic system is a particular case of an electrical system in which the power levels are so low that substantial physical objects cannot be manipulated- only symbols can. Insofar as it replicates human effort, electronic power performs functions requiring intellectual rather than manual labor. Because of interdependence between the cost of production and the volume of production of information technology components, an economic analysis of the information technology phenomenon must have both a demand and a supply side. The demand side must assess what is about the development of a modern industrialized economy that has caused the information management requirements of economic agents to grow. The supply side must consider the way in which costs of information technology components vary with the volumes demanded. Having these economic issues in mind we should look at to the phases of information technology to track the development of information technology with the economies of scale. We can list these phases as follows: - Phase 1: The growth of information management (19th century to ca. 1960) - Phase 2: The introduction of information technology (ca. 1960 to 1990) - Phase 3: The integration phase (ca. 1990) According to this table and further implications, we can say that the adoption of information technology tends to decentralize the economy and to reduce the average firm size, even if information technology lowers both internal and external coordination costs. And finally the last step and the aspect beyond information technology is the Internet and the software revolution. The force that's shaking the foundation of the old software business is the Internet and its graphical subnetwork known as the World Wide Web. First, the Internet'sTCP/IP communications standards made it possible for tens of millions of computers using different operating systems and applications programs to talk with one another - whether they are on a local area network or positioned at opposite ends of the globe. Then the Web's HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) gave all those computers a lingua franca for displaying information in graphical pages. Internet is one of the first foundations in the open systems area. We think that open systems are going to be the future of information technology. After looking at the some revolutional properties of information technology we can look at the strategic application models of information technology for organizations. These are briefly described in various references but shortly they can be liste as follows. - Strategic Alignment Model - Business System Planning - Strategic Management Model These models all direct organizations on their way to transforming strategies via information technology. We have later analyzed the effects of information technology in the organizational structure. Because most changes are seen on the organizations structure after the implementation of information technology. We have found that various information technology applications should be implemented to various kinds of organizations regarding to their structural contents. In the face of environmental pressures, many companies are undergoing and downsizing. A major component of these changes is business process redesign (BPR) which involves the radical rethinking of institutionalized processes. Information technologies are major facilitators of many BPR effects. Information technology assisted BPR from a planning perspective with an integrated approach is presented on this paper. The main elements in the framework are: - BPR policy planning - Innovative environment - Co-ordinated implementation. To ensure the long-term viability and success of BPR, these aspects are ought to be well co-ordinated. In the last section of our paper we have described and analyzed the results of survey which was driven by us: ` The Information Technology Situation in the leading 500 industrial firms in Turkey` XIThe firms characteristics, information structures, information technology managing concepts and application of information technology in production lines are examined and some reults are achieved. By summary we can say that the software side of these companies is weak but hardware side is stronger. Also, from the results, we can add that the companies are tending to manage information in a better way. To do this some of them have established flexible organizations. Xll 89 |
