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Amaç: Bir üniversite hastanesinde dört yoğun bakım ünitesinde yatan hastalarda nozokomiyal infeksiyonların sıklığı ile izole edilen patojenlerde antimikrobiyallere direnci belirleme. Yöntem ve Gereç: Medikal, cerrahi ve reanimasyon yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yatan hastalar prospektif olarak izlendi. İzolatlar CDC kritelerine göre belirlenen nozokomiyal infeksiyonlardan toplandı. İzolatların tanımlanması ve antibiyotiklere duyarlılığı Sceptor (Becton Dickinson) otomatize sistemle CCLS kriterlerine göre yapıldı. Bulgular: YBÜ’lerinde yatan 3962 hastada, nozokomiyal infeksiyon insidansı % 6,9; en yüksek oran reanimasyon YBÜ’nde (% 14,7), en düşük oran cerrahi YBÜ’nde (% 2,5) olarak belirlendi. 272 hastada 492 Nİ epizodu belirlendi. Nİ insidansı 1000 hasta gününe 13,1 olarak saptandı. Nİ oranları, üriner sistem (% 32), primer bakteriyemi (% 24), pnömoni (% 20), cerrahi alan (% 13) ve diğer infeksiyonlar % 11 bulundu. Pnömoni Reanimasyon YBÜ’nde en sık saptanan (% 54) Nİ idi. Etkenlerin % 39’u gram pozitif, % 52’si gram negatif bakteri, % 9’u Candida türleri idi. En sık izole edilen bakteri S. aureus (% 18); bunu P. aeruginosa (% 16), Acinetobacter spp. (% 10), koagülaz negatif stafilokok (KNS) (% 10), Klebsiella (% 9), E. coli (% 9), ve Enterococcus spp. (% 9) izlemekteydi. S. aureus türlerinde metisilin direnci % 90, KNS larda % 95, S. aureus ve KNS larda vankomisine direnç saptanmadı. Enterokokların % 8’i vankomisine dirençli idi. Gram negatiflere en etkili antibiyotik karbapenemi, amikasin ve siprofloksasin izlemekteydi. P. aeruginosa suşlarının % 5’i ile Acinetobacter türlerinin % 15’i tüm antibiyotiklere dirençli bulundu. Acinetobacter türlerine en etkin antibiyotikler imipenem (% 73), tobramisin (% 46); Pseudomonas türlerine tikarsilin/klavulanat (% 56), piperasilin (% 44), imipenem (% 33); Klebsiella türlerine imipenem (% 92), E. coli suşlarına imipenem (% 94), amikasin (% 94), siprofloksasin (% 74); Enterobacter türlerine siprofloksasin (% 89), imipenem (% 78) idi. Aim: To determine the frequency of nosocomial infections (NIs) and the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens isolated from patients admitted to 4 intensive care units (ICUs) at a university hospital. Materials and Methods: The patients were prospectively followed over 2 years in medical, surgical, and reanimation ICUs. The isolates were collected from patients with NI determined by the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention criteria. The identification was performed and susceptibility to antibiotics was determined in an automated system Sceptor (Becton Dickinson) as described by the CCLS. Results: Among the 3962 patients in the ICUs, total NI incidence was 6.9%, with the highest rate in the reanimation ICU (14.7%) and the lowest rate in the surgical ICU (2.5%). In all, 492 NI episodes were diagnosed in 272 patients. The incidence of NIs was 13.1 per 1000 patient days. The NIs were urinary tract infections (32%), primary blood stream infections (24%), pneumonia (20%), surgical-site infections (13%), and other infections (11%). Pneumonia was the most common NI in the reanimation ICU (54%). The pathogens were 39% gram-positive bacteria, 52% gram-negative bacteria, and 9% Candida species. S. aureus (18%) was the most frequently isolated bacteria, followed by P. aeruginosa (16%), Acinetobacter spp. (10%), coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) (10%), Klebsiella (9%), E. coli (9%), and Enterococcus spp. (9%). Resistance to methicillin was 90% in S. aureus isolates and was 95% in the CNS isolates; no resistance was detected to vancomycin in S. aureus and CNS isolates. Eight percent of Enterococcus isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Against the gramnegative bacteria the carbapenems were most active, followed by amikacin and ciprofloxacin. Five percent of P. aeruginosa and 15% of Acinetobacter spp. were resistant to all antibiotics. The most active antimicrobial agents against Acinetobacter spp. were imipenem (73%) and tobramycin (46%); against Pseudomonas spp. were ticarcillin/clavulanate (56%), piperacillin (44%), and imipenem (33%); against Klebsiella spp. was imipenem (92%); against E. coli were imipenem (94%), amikacin (94%), and ciprofloxacin (74%); and against Enterobacter spp. were ciprofloxacin (89%) and imipenem (78%). |
