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Sekundarna viktimizacija odnosi se na niz negativnih stavova i ponašanja prema žrtvama primarne viktimizacije/zločina. Stupanj sekundarne viktimizacije mogao bi ovisiti o stupnju u kojem se žrtvi pripisuju osobine karakteristične za ljudsku vrstu. Po pitanju žena, dehumanizacija tj. osporavanje ljudskosti učestalo može proizlaziti iz seksualno objektificiranog prikaza – prikaza koji potiče percepciju žene kao tijela koje služi za užitak drugih. Cilj ovog eksperimentalnog istraživanja bio je provjeriti utjecaj seksualno objektificiranog prikaza žrtve na stupanj sekundarne viktimizacije (procjenu njezine patnje i odgovornosti) nakon zločina seksualne i neseksualne naravi. Također, ispitali smo individualne razlike u sklonosti prema sekundarnoj viktimizaciji te istražili ulogu mehanizma dehumanizacije. Istraživanje je provedeno putem interneta s 335 sudionika u dobi od 18 do 35 godina. Sudionici su podijeljeni u četiri nezavisne skupine, ovisno o prikazu žrtve (objektificiran i neobjektificiran) i scenariju zločina (seksualan i neseksualan). Nacrt ovog istraživanja bio je faktorijalan a rezultati složene analize varijance pokazali su da objektificirani prikaz žene ima utjecaja na procjenu njezine odgovornosti (ne i na procjenu stupnja patnje) nakon seksualnog zločina, ali ne i neseksualnog zločina. Seksualno objektificiranu ženu percipira se odgovornijom za doživljeno silovanje, ali mehanizam dehumanizacije ne posreduje tom odnosu. Pearsonovi koeficijenti korelacije pokazali su da je značajni sociodemografski prediktor procjene žrtvine patnje spol, pri čemu muškarci žrtvinu patnju procjenjuju nižom od žena. Nadalje, manje mjesto odrastanja i niži prosječni prihodi obitelji povezani su s višom procjenom žrtvine odgovornosti. Hijerarhijskom regresijskom analizom utvrđeno je da je najvažniji osobni prediktor sklonosti k sekundarnoj viktimizaciji, pri procjeni patnje i pri procjeni odgovornosti, rezultat na Skali desničarske autoritarnosti (Altemayer, 1981) što može imati važne praktične implikacije pri odabiru medicinskog, policijskog, pravnog i psihološkog kadra koji radi sa žrtvama zločina. Secondary victimization refers to a range of negative attitudes and behaviors toward victims of primary victimization/crime. The degree of secondary victimization could depend on the extent to which human-specific traits are attributed to the victim. When it comes to women, dehumanization i.e. denial of humanness can often result from a sexually objectified portrayal – a portrayal that encourages the perception of a woman as a body that serves to pleasure others. This experimental study aims to examine the impact of the sexually objectified portrayal of a victim on the degree of secondary victimization (assessment of her suffering and responsibility) after crimes of a sexual and non-sexual nature. We also examined individual differences in propensity for secondary victimization and explored the role of dehumanization. The study was conducted online, with 335 participants aged 18 to 35. Participants were divided in four independent groups dependent on victim's portrayal (objectified and non-objectified) and the crime scenario (sexual and non-sexual). The design of the study was factorial and the complex analysis of variance showed that an objectified portrayal of a woman has an impact on the assessment of her responsibility (but not on the assessment of suffering) after a sexual crime but not a non-sexual one. A sexually objectified woman is perceived as more responsible for the rape though not through the mechanism of dehumanization. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed that the gender is a significant sociodemographic predictor of the assessment of victim's suffering, with men assessing the victim's suffering as lower. Furthermore, smaller hometown and lower family incomes are associated with a higher assessment of victim's responsibility. The hierarchical regression analysis has shown that the most important personal predictor of the propensity for secondary victimization (in assessing suffering as well as victim's responsibility) is the score on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (Altemayer, 1981) which could have important practical implications while selecting medical, police, legal and psychological staff working with crime victims. |
