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Käesoleva uurimustöö eesmärgiks oli selgitada inimeste eelistusi, emotsioone ja keskkonna tajutavat taastavust (keskkonna rekreatiivust) looduslähedase keskkonna jäljendamisega linna puhkemaastikel. Metsikust loodusest sarnast ja tuttavat toodi inimese igapäevasesse ellu – linna puhkealadele. Konstrueeritud oli kuus looduslähedaste biotoopidega kujundatud pargikeskkonda (mustika palumännik, kadakane rannaniit, kanarbiku nõmmemännik, rannaroostik, puisniit, rabamännik) ja võrdluseks kaks linnakeskkonnas harjumuspärasemalt tajutavat pargikujundust. Analüüsi aluseks oli Tallinna inimeste seas läbiviidud küsitlus, mille jaoks oli koostatud kaheksa erineva konstrueeritud pargimaastikuga pildilehte. Ke-Tsung Han (2003) poolt välja töötatud enesehindamise meetod keskkonna rekreatiivsuse selgitamiseks võimaldab mõõta keskkonna taastavat potentsiaali stressist taastumisele. Töö otsis kinnitust kahele hüpoteesile. Esimese kohaselt oletati, et inimestele meeldib puhata rohkem looduslähedases pargis kui kunstlikult kujundatud ilupargis või haljasalal. Teise hüpoteesi kohaselt soodustab loodusliku biotoobi jäljendamine linnakeskkonna puhkealadel puhkamist ja taastumist. Käesolevas töös selgitati, kas inimestele meeldib looduslikule biotoobile sarnaselt kujundatud haljasala rohkem, kui tüüpiline park muru ja puudega või liigirikas park lopsakate lillepeenardega. Kas visuaalselt looduslikule biotoobile sarnane kooslus mõjutab inimeste psühholoogilist taastumist ja vaimse koormuse mahavõtmist. Samuti uuriti inimeste eelistusi puhkealal olevate elementide ja soovitavate tegevuste suhtes kodu- või töökoha lähedal asuval haljasalal. Uuriti inimeste poolt endale antud keskkonnateadlikkuse hinnete ja erinevate koosluste eelistamise ning keskkonna tajutava taastavuse seoseid. Uurimuse tulemusi kokku võttes saab öelda, et inimeste jaoks ei ole olulist vahet, kas on tegemist looduslähedase keskkonnaga, milles on kasutatud looduslikke liike ning metsikust loodusest tuttavaid kooslusi, või ilupõõsaste ja võõrliikidega sisustatud pargialaga. Linnakeskkonnas peavad inimesed lihtsalt rohelust samaväärseks võrreldes tükikese loodusega. Roheala või park üleüldse on linnas elades inimese igapäevase elu kontekstis sama väärtusega, kui loodus. Loodusliku biotoobi jäljendamine linnakeskkonna puhkealadel võimaldab väga hästi puhkamist ja taastumist. Kui üldiselt peetakse looduslike keskkondi rohkem taastavateks, siis selle uurimuse tulemusena ei saa öelda, et looduslähedane keskkond tooduna linna mõjub inimestele taastavamalt, kui muu puhkamiseks loodud ala. Puhkamise ja taastumise seisukohalt ei ole oluline looduslikkus vaid keskkonna omadused üldiselt. Puhkeala peab sobima inimese individuaalsete vajadustega ning sel peavad olema taastavale keskkonnale iseloomulikud omadused ja väärtused. Käesoleva uurimuse tulemustena jaotusid keskkonnad meeldivuse ja rekreatiivsuse näitajatelt kaheks grupiks. Kolm looduslähedase kujundusega parki (mustika palumännik, kanarbiku nõmmemännik, puisniit) ning kaks linnakeskkonnale harjumuspärasema kujundusega pargimaastikku olid nii meeldivuse kui tajutava taastavuse näitajate keskmiste numbrite võrdlemisel omavahel sarnased. Kolm looduslähedase kujundusega pargimaastikku (kadakane rannaniit, rannaroostik, rabamännik) eraldusid nendest selgelt madalamate keskmiste hinnetega, kuid jäid omavahel võrdväärseteks. Eelistatumaks kodulähedase puhkeala juures peeti aknast avanevat ilusat vaadet. Järgnevate soovitavate elementidena toodi välja suured puud ja värvilised lillepeenrad. Ka töökoha juures pargis osutus kõige olulisemaks ilus vaade aknast. Järgnesid suured puud ja sillutatud teed. Enam soovitud tegevused puhkeala külastades olid: jalutamine, mõtisklemine, sõpradega kohtumine ja sportimine. Loodusteadlikkus ei avaldanud tuntavat mõju inimeste eelistustes ja keskkonna tajutavas rekreatiivsuses. Inimeste kõrgem loodusteadlikkus ei pannud neid eelistama looduslähedasemaid keskkondi puhkemaastikena. Samas ilmnes küll, et rohkem loodusteadlikud inimesed näitasid üles suuremat positiivsust üldiselt madalamalt hinnatud looduslähedaste keskkondade suhtes. Käesoleva töö kokkuvõtteks võib öelda, et inimestele igapäevaseks taastumiseks ja puhkamiseks kättesaadavate võimaluste loomine ja tervisliku elukeskkonna tagamine on väga oluline, inimesed tunnevad puudust sellistest võimalustest kohtades, kus rohelus on vähem kättesaadav. Puhkealade loomise juures on olulised läbimõeldud lahendused, heakord ja huvipakkuv disain. Keskkond peab vastama inimeste isiklikele eelistustele, siis seal tahetakse olla ja seda kasutatakse tihemini. Pargi kujundus peab pakkuma seal viibijatele esteetilist kogemust või väärtust, kuid ei pea olema heaks taastumiskogemuse saamiseks loodusega sarnane. Puhkamiseks ja taastumiseks on vaja teistsugust keskkonda, kui vaid tehismaterjalidega kunstlik linnaruum - teed, majad, betoon ja kivid jne. Igapäevane võimalus mingiks ajaks eemalduda, peatuda, mõtiskleda on väga oluline inimeste jaoks. Tuntakse vajadust sotsiaalse suhtlemise järgi vabas õhus ning otsitakse võimalust eraldumiseks. Puhkekeskkonna ja roheluse abil näiline ruumiline eraldamine ümbritsevast tehislikust linnaruumist mõjub inimestele taastumist soodustavamalt. The goal of this study was to identify people's preferences, emotions and perceived restorativness in the context of imitated natural environment in the urban recreational landscapes or parks. Naturalistic biotopes, something that people usually have encountered in wildlife, have been brought to recreational settings in a town – to places where people can see and experience them in their daily life. The analysis was based on a survey carried out among people who live in Tallinn. A total of 101 people participated in the survey and answered to the questions. For the questionnaire, eight different park settings on image pages were designed and constructed. A self – rating method developed by Han (2003) – the „short - version revised restoration scale“ - was used as a basis for evaluating restorativeness of different environments. This method allows a researcher to measure environment potential in case of the recovery from stress. For this survey, six naturalistic biotopes for the park (blueberry pine forest, juniper coastal meadow, heather pine forest, coastal meadow, wooded meadow, bog pine forest) were constructed and, for comparison, there were two urban parks with more traditionally perceived designs in cities. One of them recalled the design we are used to know in Estonia – dominated by large trees, extensive grass surfaces, some bushes and blooming flowers. The second park environment also represented large trees, shrubs and grass surfaces, but also numerous species and plenty of lush flowerbeds and plants around the park. This study looked for assurance to two hypotheses. According to the first, it was assumed that people like to relax more in a park designed in a naturalistic style (spieces known from local surroundings) than in artificially designed green settings (full of alien spieces and mowed lawn). According to the second hypothesis, simulating natural biotope in urban recreational areas promotes people's recreation and restoration. The work is based on the studies carried out on environments and attention restoration theory (Kaplan ja Kaplan 1989) in which recovery is dealt on the basis of person’s ability to concentrate and focus. Aslo it is based on Ulrich's (1983) psychophysiological stress reduction framework with its psychophysical stress condition (in which certain elements of environment and characteristics promote stress reduction) as its starting point. Many studies have considered natural environments more aesthetic, pleasant and higher quality restorative compared to urban environment. In this study it was examined whether people like green settings designed similar to natural biotopes more than a typical park with grass and trees, or more than a species-rich park with lush flowerbeds. It was examined whether visually similar natural biotope environment influences people's psychological and spiritual recovery. In addition, people's preferences of elements in a recreation area and of preferred activities in green areas close to their workplaces or homes were examined. Also the links between people’s personal scores to their own environmental awareness and their preferences of landscapes and perceived restoration of environment were studied. Summarizing the results of the study it can be said that it is not substantial for people whether to experience near-natural environment, in which species known from wildlife are used, or a park or green area decorated with trees, shrubs and alien species. In urban environment, people simply consider a piece of green area to be nature. A green area or park in the town carries the same value as nature in people's everyday life. Imitating natural biotope in urban recreational areas enables good relaxation and recovery possibilities. When generally natural environments are considered more restorative, the results of this study do not imply that bringing nature or near - natural environment to the city would have more positive effects on people recovery compared to any other established recreation area. Not only nature-like environment is important for people's rest and recovery, but these are the characteristics of environment in general. A recreation area must comply with personal needs of people and it must represent restorative environmental characteristics and values. The present findings of this study indicated that the tested environments can be divided into two significantly different groups taking into account pleasentness and restorativeness of environments. Three parks designed to be similar to nature (blueberry pine forest, heather pine forest, wooded meadow), and two landscapes designed in a more familiar way of an urban landscape were similar to each other what comes to the average grades of indicators of pleasantness and perceived restorativness. Three other parks designed close to natural landscape (juniper coastal meadow, coastal meadow, bog pine forest), were clearly different from the others with lower average grades, but were equivalent to each other. The most preferred element in parks close to home was a beautiful view out from the window. The following desirable elements brought out were large trees and colourful flowerbeds. A beautiful view out of the window is the most important thing in case of parks close to workplace. The following important elements were large trees and paved roads. The most desired activities when one is visiting recreational areas were walking, reflection, meeting with friends and sports. People's nature awareness does not have a significant impact on people's preferences and perceived environmental restorativeness. People's greater nature awareness did not make them prefer more natural environments for relaxing. But it revealed that people who are more aware of nature in general, showed a higher positivity towards the lowest rated natural environments. Based on this work it can be concluded that creating available opportunities and providing healthy environment for people to rest and recover in their everyday life is very important. People feel the lack of such opportunities especially in places where there is less greenery. In creation of recreation areas, considered solutions, maintainance and attractive design is important as well. An environment must meet people's personal preferences, only then one wants to be there and it is used more often. The design of a park has to offer an aesthetic value or experience to its occupants, but there is no need for the environment to be similar to nature to offer a good restorative experience. To rest and recover a different environment from the one designed only with artificial materials typical in city environment or urban areas – roads, houses etc - is needed. A daily opportunity to move away for a time, to stop and to reflect is very important for people. There is a need for social interaction between people in the open air and sometimes on the contrary the possibility of separation from city life is searched. Depictive separation from surrounding artificial city life with the help of recreational environment and greenery has a lot of influence on promoting people's ability to recover. |
