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Kuna tänapäeva planeerimisprotsessis on oluline suhtumine ajaloolistesse aladesse, sai antud bakalaureusetöö uurimiseesmärgiks seatud: esiteks – milliseid väärtusi sisaldavad tänapäeval ajaloolised surnuaiad; teiseks – miks ja kuidas on kalmistud kujunenud ning kolmandaks – millised on Puiestee tänava kalmistute probleemid ja võimalikuid lahendused. Selleks koguti esmalt andmeid kalmistuid käsitleva kirjanduse ja arhiiviallikate kohta, tutvuti publitseeritud ja digitaliseeritud materjalidega, analüüsiti allikmaterjalide sobivust töös kasutamiseks. Paralleelselt teoreetilise osa ja ajaloolise ülevaate koostamisega tehti uurimisala kohta võrdlev kaardianalüüs Maa-ameti kaardiserveris. Uurimise tulemusena selgus, et 18. sajandil rajatud Raadi surnuaed oli 19. sajandi lõpul juba täitumas ning see andis põhjuse uute matmisalade rajamiseks linna piirile Tallinna (Puiestee) tänava äärde. Järgmise etapina tehti välitöid kalmistute hoolduskava metoodika järgi. Uurimisalasid – Tartu Uus-Jaani, Vana-Peetri, Uus-Peetri ja Baptisti kalmistuid – külastati kolmel korral. 2013. aasta novembris tutvuti matmispaikadega, tehti märkmeid ja projektala kirjeldavad pildid, tutvuti linnaosade kontaktvööndiga, omistati esmased väärtused ning probleemid. 2014. aasta veebruaris pildistati, hinnati kalmistute heakorda talvel ning 2014. aasta mais käidi veel kord kalmistualadel: hinnati alade olukorda; analüüsiti väärtusi ja probleeme; vesteldi Tartu linna asutuse Kalmistu juhataja proua Aime Pärnaga. Iga välitöö järel võrreldi ja analüüsiti andmeid kava järgi – olemasolev olukord, väärtused ja probleemid. Kalmistutele omistatakse funktsionaalset, kultuuriloolis-ajaloolist, rekreatiivset, looduslikku, esteetilist ning identiteediväärtust. Kaasajal nähakse linnakalmistutes ka juba turismipotentsiaali. Tartu Puiestee tänava kalmistute põhjal nähtus, et seni on linnakalmistutel väärtustatud funktsionaalset, kultuuriloolist ja looduslikku väärtust. Selgus, et kõigil neljal kalmistul esinevad sarnased ebarahuldava hooldamisega seotud probleemid (katkine piire, puude harvendamine, amortiseerunud teed, parkimisplatsi ja valgustuse puudumine; hauatähised, väravad ja muud ehitised vajavad restaureerimist, infotahvlid uuendamist). Küsimustes, nagu kalmistute valgustamine ja parkimisvõimalused lahknesid töö autori ja kalmistuid haldava asutuse juhataja proua Aime Pärna seisukohad. Tuleb tõdeda, et Tartu kalmistud pole ühinenud ka Eesti kalmistuid ühendava kalmistumajanduse infosüsteemiga Haudi. Ajalooliste kalmistute säilitamine on pikaajaline protsess, mis ei tulene ainult igapäevasest hooldustööst, vaid kindlate eesmärkidega läbimõeldud hooldustegevuste kavast. Bakalaureusetöös esitatud koondtabel Tartu Puiestee tänava kalmistute väärtuste kaitseks ja tegevuskava lähema viie aasta lõikes peaks tagama olemasolevate väärtuste säilimise ning lisama ajaloolistele matmisaladele linnakeskkonnas suuremat rekreatiivsus- ja turismipotentsiaali. In today’s planning processes, the attitude towards historical sites is important. The topic of this Bachelor’s thesis is “Suggestions on maintenance of cemeteries in Puiestee street in Tartu” and the objective of the thesis is to determine why and how the cemeteries have developed, what are the values that historical cemeteries carry today, what kind of problems are involved in the cemeteries in Puiestee street and what are possible solutions. To achieve the objective, the author of the thesis first collected information on literature and archival sources on cemeteries, examined published and digitalised material, and analysed the relevance of source material for this thesis. During the preparation of the theoretical part and overview of history, a comparative map analysis on the research area was carried out in the map server of the Estonian Land Board. As a result of the research, it was revealed that Raadi cemetery, which was established in the 18th century, was already lacking space in the end of the 19th century and therefore, new burial areas were required on the border of the town across Tallinna (Puiestee) street. The next stage involved fieldwork appyling the methodology of maintenance plan for cemeteries. The research areas – Uus-Jaani, Vana-Peetri, Uus-Peetri and Baptisti cemeteries in Tartu were visited three times. In November 2013, the burial areas were examined, notes and photos describing the project area were taken, and the contact zone of districts was inspected, and primary values and problems were ascertained. Photos were taken also in February 2014 and maintenance of the cemeteries was assessed. In May 2014, the cemeteries were visited again and the condition of the areas was evaluated, values and problems were analysed and an interview was conducted with Mrs Aime Pärna, Head of Kalmistu, an administrative body responsible for the maintenance of cemeteries in Tartu. After each fieldwork, data obtained was compared and analysed according to the maintenance plan – the current situation, values and problems of the cemeteries. Cemeteries are said to have a functional, cultural-historical, recreational, ecological, aesthetic and identity value. Nowadays, city cemeteries are also considered to have the potential of being a tourist destination. The analysis of suggestions on risk factors in the maintenance of the cemeteries in Puiestee street in Tartu showed that so far, the functional, cultural-historical and ecological value have been appreciated the most. As for problems, it appeared that similar issues involving non-satisfactory maintenance (broken barriers, insufficient thinning, poor roads, lack of parking spaces and lighting, grave markers, gates and other structures in need of restoration, and information boards in need of renewal) occurred in all four cemeteries. A table of analysis on values and risk factors involved in the values and possible maintenance activities were compiled derived from the principle of value preservation. Problems and suggestions on maintenance were presented and an activity plan was proposed for the next five years in an analysis table. In matters such as lighting and parking spaces in the cemeteries, the author’s viewpoints did not coincide with Mrs Aime Pärna’s opinions. In fact, cemeteries in Tartu have not been registered in Haudi, the cemetery management information system incorporating cemeteries in Estonia. Preservation of the values of old cemeteries is a lengthy process which does not involve only daily maintenance, but also long-term objectives and plans regarding maintenance. The purpose of the maintenance plan proposed in this thesis is to ensure preservation of the existing values of the cemeteries in Puiestee street in Tartu while attributing a recreational and tourism potential to historical sites. |
