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Bakalaureusetöö Keskkonnakaitse õppekaval Ulukiseire on oluline jätkusuutlikuks eluslooduse majandamiseks. Viimastel aastatel on populaarsemaks muutunud rajakaamerate kasutus ulukiseires ning kaamerate kasutamise hõlbustamiseks ja tulemuste täpsemaks muutmiseks on hakatud välja töötama erinevaid statistilisi mudeleid. Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärk on hinnata juhusliku kohtamise mudeli kasutust väikeulukite arvukuse hindamisel. Andmete kogumiseks korraldati katset aastatel 2018 ja 2019 kahel erineval seirealal. Kogutud nugise fotodelt eristati vaatlusjuhtumid ja fotosid mõõdistati ImageJ programmiga. Fotodelt saadud andmed sisestati juhusliku kohtamise mudeli valemisse ja tulemusi võrreldi jäljeindeksi andmetega. Karilatsi-Ihamaru seirealal eristati 2018. aastal 21 ja Järvselja seirealal 2019. aastal 25 nugise vaatlusjuhtumit. Asustustiheduseks saadi juhusliku kohtamise mudelit kasutades Karilatsi-Ihamaru alal 0,73 ja Järvselja alal 0,19 isendit/km2. Kahe seireala keskmist ööpäevase aktiivsuse taset ja ööpäevast teekonda kasutades saadi asustustiheduseks Karilatsi-Ihamaru alal 0,29 ja Järvseljal 0,43 isendit/km2, mis on tõenäoliselt realistlikum tulemus, kuna valimi hulk läheneb sellisel juhul soovitatud miinimumile. Jäljeindeksid seirealadega kattuvates maakondades olid Põlvamaal 0,38 ja Tartumaal 0,31 jäljerada 1 km loendusmarsruudi kohta. Kuna tulemusi mõjutasid erinevad asjaolud, siis tuleks väikeulukite arvukuse hindamisel katsedisaini modifitseerida. Töö katse käigus rakendati juhusliku kohtamise mudelit ka metskitse ja põdra arvukuse hindamisel ning nende tulemuste põhjal võib väita, et suurulukite puhul on mudeli kasutamine üsna usaldusväärne. Kriitilise tähtsusega on piisava valimi olemasolu erinevate mudelis kasutatavate parameetrite adekvaatseks hindamiseks. Üks peamisi probleeme väikeulukite puhul on ka kaamerate kõrgus maapinnast ja kaameranurk. Kuna väikeulukid tegutsevad maapinna lähedal, siis peaksid kaamerad asetsema madalamal kui käesolevas katses või peaks vähendama kaameranurka ehk kaamera peaks olema suunatud veidi maapinna poole. Game monitoring is important for sustainable wildlife management. In recent years, the use of track cameras in game monitoring has become more popular and various statistical models have been developed to facilitate the use of cameras and to refine survey results. The main objective of this bachelor’s research is to evaluate the use of a random encounter model in assessing the abundance of small game. In order to collect data, an experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 in two diferent monitoring areas. Observations were distinguished from the collected marten (martes martes) photos and the photos were measured with ImageJ software. The data collected from the photographs were entered into the random encounter model formula and the results were compared with trace index data. In 2018, there were 21 marten observations in Karilatsi-Ihamaru monitoring area and in 2019, there were 25 observations in Järvselja monitoring area. The population density using the random encounter model was 0,73 individuals per km2 in Karilatsi-Ihamaru area and 0,19 in Järvselja area. Using the average daily activity level and daily route of the two monitoring areas, the population density in Karilatsi-Ihamaru area was 0,29 individuals per km2 and in Järvselja 0,43, which is probably a more realistic result, as the sample size approached the recommended minimum. The trace indexes in the counties overlapping with monitoring areas were 0,38 tracks per 1 km of census route and in Põlva county and 0,31 in Tartu county. As the results were affected by different factors, the experimental design should be modified when estimating the number of small game. During the experiment of the work, the random encounter model was also applied to estimate the abundance of roe deer and moose and based on these results, it can be stated that the use of the model for large game is quite reliable. The availability of a sufficient sample to adequately evaluate the various parameters used in the model is critical. One of the main problems in experimental design for small game is the height of the cameras from the ground and the camera angle. Since the small game operates close to the ground, the cameras should be lower than in the current experiment or the camera angle should be reduced so the camera should be pointed slightly towards the ground. |
