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Diplomska naloga raziskuje, kako je potekalo varovanje kulturne dediščine v družbenopolitičnem ozračju kulturne revolucije, predvsem v začetnih letih z razmahom zloglasne kampanje razbijanja štirih starih. Kljub izredno nevarnim okoliščinam in političnemu ozračju, ki je narekovalo strogo sledenje revolucionarnemu toku, pa lahko zasledimo, da so bile že od samih začetkov prisotne razne pobude za zavarovanje napadenih kulturnih znamenitosti, tako zgodovinskih spomenikov kot umetniških predmetov ter literarnih del. V prvi vrsti je nasprotovanje destruktivnim aktivnostim potekalo predvsem na lokalni ravni, kjer so ljudje in lokalne vlade na različne načine delovali proti kampanji ali pa vsaj poskušali omiliti njene učinke. Predvsem množice so imele veliko moč, saj so se v skupnem prizadevanju lahko neposredno uprle dejanjem rdečegardistov, medtem ko so bili ljudje s slabim političnim ozadjem in lokalni uradniki, od katerih se je zahtevala javna podpora takratnemu političnemu duhu, prisiljeni, da delujejo prikrito in seveda bolj previdno. Vsebina naloge se torej osredotoča tako na neformalne oblike in lokalne organizacije varovanja kot tudi na formalne, ki so načeloma nastopile v začetku leta 1967 kot odziv na institucionalizacijo varovanja kulturne dediščine. Že sredi leta 1967 lahko zaznamo popolni preobrat, ki se je kazal v reinterpretaciji kampanje razbijanja štirih starih. Slednja naj bi po novem že od samih začetkov imela cilj varovanja kulturne dediščine, ki naj bi jo rdečegardisti odtrgali iz rok državnih sovražnikov in vrnili množicam. Odziv ljudi na prvotne cilje kampanje nam torej pokaže, da se večina ljudi ni strinjala z uničevanjem državne dediščine in mnogi so se bili celo pripravljeni izpostaviti ter tvegati lastna življenja, da bi branili zapuščino tako imenovanega starega sveta. This thesis focuses on the protection of cultural heritage in the sociopolitical atmosphere of the Cultural Revolution, especially in its first years, when the infamous campaign Destroy the Four Olds was at its peak. Despite extremely dangerous circumstances and political atmosphere, in which everyone was expected to follow the revolutionary current, from the very beginning many people took action to save the local sights, cultural relics and works of art and literature under attack. The main opposition occurred at the local level, where people and local governments used different ways to work against the campaign, or at least to try and limit its consequences. While the masses had greater power in directly opposing the actions of the red guards, people with bad political background and local officials, from whom it was expected to fully support the political spirit of the time, had to be more careful and thus could only quietly engage in damage control. The content of this thesis focuses on formal as well as informal and local methods of organizing cultural protection. As for the formal protection, it started in the beginning of 1967, when the preservation of cultural heritage was finally institutionalized. Within a few months, the campaign underwent complete reinterpretation: people were made to believe that cultural preservation had been the main goal from the start and red guards were portrayed as great heroes, returning the heritage to their rightful owners – the people. In conclusion, the people’s response to the initial goals of the campaign proves that most were in fact opposed to heritage destruction, with many going as far as exposing themselves and risking their lives for the sake of protecting the old world’s legacy. |
