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Analiza ostankov metalurških procesov je tesno povezana z znanjem o metalurških procesih. Osnovna surovina metalurških procesov je ruda in glavni produkt kovina. V našem primeru je ta kovina železo. Kot stranski produkt pri metalurških procesih nastaja žlindra. V poglavju o pirometalurgiji so predstavljene njihove osnove. Ostanki rude, žlindre in sten talinih peči in/ali kovaških ognjišč so dokaz o prisotnost i metalurške dejavnosti na arheološkem najdišču. Če se kovaška ognjišča redkeje spreminjajo, se talilne peči v arheologiji razlikujejo glede na časovna obdobja in načine izdelave. Najpogostejši ostanek metalurških procesov je žlindra. Ta se v arheologiji zaradi lažjega razumevanja njenega nastanka deli na različne tipe. Pri osnovni razdelit vi jo delimo na kovaško in talilno žlindro. Takšna razdelitev je osnovana na ločevanju dveh osnovnih metalurških procesov, taljenja in kovanja. Tehnologija pridobivanja železa se je čez zgodovino spreminjala. Za potrebe študije je pomembno predvsem razumevanje prazgodovinskega železarstva. Železo je bilo odkrito na Bližnjem vzhodu in se je širilo proti Evropi ob koncu bronaste dobe. Tako je znanje o železu doseglo tudi naš prostor. Na ozemlju današnje Slovenije je bilo v času železne dobe kar nekaj železarskih središč. Eno izmed pomembnejših je predstavljal ravno Cvinger pri Dolenjskih Toplicah. Tu so bili med raziskavami, ki so delno potekale tudi v okviru študijskega procesa na Oddelku za arheologijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, pridobljeni ostanki metalurških procesov, kasneje uporabljeni v analizah. Raziskave na najdišču potekajo s prekinitvami že od 19. stolet ja. Sistematične raziskave z interdisciplinarnim pristopom pa so začeli izvajati proti koncu 20. stoletja. Namen magistrskega dela je ugotovitev prisotnosti različnih postopkov obdelave železa in verjetno lokacijo proizvodnje s pomočjo makroskopske analize ostankov metalurških procesov. Pri tem so bili uporabljeni predvsem podatki in najdbe, pridobljeni z arheološkimi površinskimi pregledi in arheološkimi izkopavanji. The analysis of remains of metallurgical processes is strongly connected to knowledge about metallurgical processes. It's basic raw material is ore and it's main product is metal. In our case the metal is iron. Slag is created as it's by– product. Fundamental knowledge about metallurgical processes is presented in the chapter about pyrometallurgy. Evidence of metallurgical activity on the archaeological site is found in remains of bloomery furnace/blacksmith hearth walls, parts of ore and slag. Blacksmith hearths change rarely while bloomerly furnaces differ during different time periods and construction. Slag is the most common remains of the metallurgical processes. To be able to better understand it's creation, archaeology divides it in different types. Primary separation divides iron slag in two types. One is smithing and the other bloomery slag. This separation is based on separation of two primary metallurgical processes. Blacksmithing and smelting. The technology for iron making has been changing throughout history. Understanding of prehistoric ironmaking is important for study purposes. Iron was discovered in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with trade contacts at the end of the bronze age. With it, knowledge about ironmaking came to our lands. At the beginning of the iron age there was many settelment centers on the territory of present day Slovenia. Cvinger near Dolenjske Toplice was one such place. Here between research which in part took place in the study process at the Department of Archeology of Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, the remains of metallurgical processes were collected, which were later used in analyses. Research on this site has been ongoing from 19th century with only brief interruptions. At the end of 20th century systematic interdisciplinary approach was applied on the site. The porpose of this study is to find evidence of different types of ironmaking processes and its possible location with help of macroscopic analysis of remains of metallurgical processes. In it mainly data and finds from the archaeological surface survey and archaeological excavation have been used. |
