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V zadnjih desetletjih so se življenjske okoliščine precej spremenile, kar ima velike posledice za telesne značilnosti in telesni razvoj otrok in mladostnikov. Spremembe so mnogo večje, kot so bile prej v tisočih letih človeškega razvoja. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti medgeneracijske razlike v telesni masi in telesni višini slovenskih otrok in mladostnikov v starosti od 7 do 18 let. Uporabili smo podatke iz presečne študije ARTOS (Analiza razvojnih trendov otrok v Sloveniji), ki vključuje 11 osnovnih šol iz cele Slovenije. Raziskava se je izvajala na reprezentativnem vzorcu otrok in mladine med 7. in 18. letom starosti na istih šolah na vsakih deset let (1970, 1983, 1993/94, 2003/04 in 2013/14). Analizirali smo podatke, pridobljene iz petih generacij (N=5), skupni vzorec je vključeval dvajset tisoč osemsto deset preizkušancev (n=20810). Za testiranje razlik v telesni višini med obdobji meritev smo za posamezno starostno skupino uporabili enosmerno analizo variance. Za testiranje razlik v telesni masi med obdobji meritev smo za posamezno starostno skupino uporabili analizo kovariance. Celotno analizo smo izvedli pri predhodno postavljeni stopnji tveganja 5 % in podatke predstavili v preglednicah. Pri telesni višini smo v letih merjenja pri obeh spolih ugotovili značilne razlike pri večini starostnih obdobij (od 7 do 15 let). V 16. in 17. letu starosti smo ugotovili statistično značilne razlike v telesni višini le pri dečkih, medtem ko pri 18- in 19-letnikih nismo ugotovili podobnih razlik. Iz tega sklepamo, da se medgeneracijsko spreminja zlasti čas telesnega dozorevanja otrok, ob koncu obdobja telesne rasti pa medgeneracijskih razlik ni. Pri telesni masi smo pri obeh spolih ugotovili značilne razlike v primerjavi po letih merjenja pri starostnih obdobjih od 7 do 16 let. V 17. in 18. letu starosti smo ugotovili statistično značilne razlike v telesni masi le pri dečkih. V vseh primerih je telesna višina značilno vplivala na razlike v telesni masi med obdobji meritev posamezne starostne skupine. Največji vpliv telesne višine na povečanje telesne mase v tridesetletnem obdobju (1983 - 2013) smo ugotovili pri fantih v naslednjih starostnih skupinah: 8 let (sprememba za 17,5 %), 10 let (21,0 %), 11 let (20,5 %), 14 let (16,0 %) in 15 let (9,5 %). Naše ugotovitve bi lahko bile podlaga pri oblikovanju šolskega pohištva in športne opreme / pripomočkov ter tudi pri določanju standardov in normativov za tovrstno opremo in dejavnosti. Da bi pri tem posameznemu otroku oz. mladostniku zagotovili tudi čim večjo potrebno individualno prilagojenost, bi bilo priporočljivo iskati inovativne rešitve izdelave dimenzijsko in funkcionalno prilagodljivega pohištva. Over the last decades, the life circumstances have changed considerably, which has great consequences on the physical characteristics and physical development of children and adolescents. Changes are much greater than they were in thousands of years of human development. The aim of the study was to determine the secular differences in body weight and body height of Slovenian children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years. We used data from the cross-sectional study ACDSi (Analysis of Childrens Development (Trends) in Slovenia), which includes 11 primary schools from all over Slovenia. The survey was carried out on a representative sample of children and youth between the ages of 7 and 18 in the same schools every ten years (1970, 1983, 1993/94, 2003/04 and 2013/14). We analyzed the data obtained from five generations (N = 5), the total sample included 20810 participants (n = 20.810). In order to test the differences in body height between the measurement periods, a one-way variance analysis was used for each age group. In order to test the differences in body mass between the measurement periods, a covariance analysis was used for each age group. The complete analysis was carried out at a pre-established risk level of 5% and presented in the spreadsheets. Regarding the body hight in both genders significant differences were established between the years of measurement in most age periods (7 to 15 years). At age 16 and 17, statistically significant differences in body height were found only in boys, while in the 18 and 19 year old we did not find similar differences. From this we conclude that intergenerationally changing is particularly the time of physical maturation while at the end of the period of physical growth there is no intergenerational difference. In the body mass, there were significant differences in both genders in comparison with years of measurement in the age range of 7 to 16 years. At age 17 and 18, statistically significant differences in body weight were found only in boys. In all cases, body height expressed a significant impact on body mass differences between the measurement periods in each age group. The highest impact of the thirty year period (1983-2013) on weight gain was found in boys in the following age groups: 8 years (a change for 17,5 %), 10 years (21,0 %), 11 years (20,5 %), 14 years (16,0 %) and 15 years (9,5 %). Our findings could also be used in ergonomic design and manufacturing of school furniture and sports equipment/devices as well as for setting standards and normatives for such equipment and activities. In order to ensure the individual adaptation to each child/youngster is acheived, it would be advisable to work on innovative solutions of dimensionally and functionally adaptable furniture. |
