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Fenologija je veda, ki proučuje periodične pojave v razvoju rastlin in živali ter ugotavlja njihovo odvisnost od podnebnih dejavnikov. Fenologija je izraz, sestavljen iz feno (phaino - pojaviti se) in logos (veda). Delimo jo na fitofenologijo in zoofenologijo. Fenološki podatki so uporabni v kmetijstvu pri uvajanju novih sort, ugotavljanju dolžine vegetacijskega obdobja in pripravi setvenih koledarjev. S fenološkimi podatki lahko izboljšamo napoved termina izvajanja agrotehničnih ukrepov, kot so setev, namakanje, gnojenje, rez, zaščita rastlin pred škodljivci, pleveli ali boleznimi. Temperatura zraka in količina padavin odločilno vplivata na čas nastopa fenofaz (npr. cvetenja in olistanja). Višje temperature, ki so posledica podnebnih sprememb, pospešijo fenološki razvoj. V zadnjih desetletjih so fenološki trendi za spomladanske faze značilno negativni, kar pomeni, da fenofazi olistanja in cvetenja nastopita zgodneje, trendi za jesenske fenofaze pa so pozitivni, kar pomeni, da fenofazi zorenje in odpadanje listja nastopita kasneje. Celotna rastna doba večine rastlin se podaljšuje, rastna doba nekaterih drugih pa skrajšuje, medfazna obdobja se skrajšujejo. Spremembe so opazne tudi pri fenofazah nekaterih živali - ptice selivke se prej vračajo iz toplih krajev, pri žuželkah se razvoj prične spomladi zgodneje, kar jim omogoči več generacij v eni sezoni. Ker rastline in živali na isto temperaturno spremembo reagirajo različno, se posledice kažejo tudi na spremembah biodiverzitete. Na osnovi poznavanja povezanosti med temperaturami in fenološkim razvojem lahko napovemo, kako bodo predvidene podnebne spremembe vplivale na fenološki razvoj. Phenology is a science that systematically observes the regularities of recurring phenomena in the developmental cycle of plants and animals, and identifies the influence of climatic factors on phenological stages. The word phenology derives from (phaino – to appear) and logy (science). We divide it into phytophenology and zoophenology. Phenology is useful in agriculture for introducing new varieties, determining the length of the growing season and preparing sowing calendars. Phenological data can improve the prognosis of agrotechnical measures such as sowing, irrigation, fertilization, cutting, protection against pests, weeds or diseases. Air temperature and rainfall have the main influence on the onset of phenophases (like flowering or leafing). Higher temperatures resulting from climate change accelerate phenological development. In recent decades, phenological trends for the spring phases have become significantly negative, which means that leafing and flowering occur earlier, the trends for autumn phenophases are positive which means posterior leaf drop, the entire growing season for most plants is prolonged, even though there are some that have shorter growing season, and the interphase periods have also shortened. Changes are also observed in the zoophenology. Migratory birds return from warmer climates earlier, insects start developing earlier in the spring, allowing them more generations in a single season. As plants and animals react differently to the same temperature change, the consequences are also reflected in changed biodiversity. Based on the knowledge of the relationship between temperature and phenological development, we can predict how future climate change will affect phenological development. |
