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Tehnologija prepoznave obrazov (v nadaljevanju: FRT) je sistem umetne inteligence in v pomoč organom pregona v Sloveniji in svetu. Kot tehnološka novost s pomembnim vplivom na človekove pravice predstavlja izziv za pravo. V nalogi se zastavlja vprašanje, ali slovenska ureditev sledi razvoju in zmožnostim obravnavane tehnologije in najnovejšim standardom in ali so dokazi, pridobljeni z njeno uporabo, uporabljivi v slovenskem kazenskem postopku. Razvoj FRT je v preteklih 60. letih potekal od obdobja odvisnosti od človeka do (skoraj) popolne samostojnosti tehnologije. S tem je prišlo tudi do večje natančnosti in odprave nekaterih težav, kot so različna velikost in naklon obraza na fotografiji ter različna obrazna usmerjenost. Večina držav vsaj razmišlja o njeni uvedbi pri delu organov pregona. Ob tem pa je treba upoštevati, da uporaba FRT vpliva tako na pravico do zasebnosti in varstvo osebnih podatkov kot tudi nekatere druge pravice, kot sta človekovo dostojanstvo in svoboda zbiranja. Za njeno uporabo morajo veljati strogi pogoji in omejeni nameni uporabe. Med temi sta preiskava in pregon kaznivih dejanj. Za preprečitev pretiranih posegov je treba slediti veljavni pravni ureditvi na področju varstva osebnih podatkov pri preiskavi in pregonu kaznivih dejanj. V Sloveniji je policiji dopuščeno avtomatizirano primerjanje fotografij oseb, ne pa uporaba sprotnega FRT. Pri presoji, ali so dokazi, pridobljeni s FRT, uporabljivi v kazenskem postopku, je treba upoštevati vprašanja verodostojnosti takega dokaza, tehnično zanesljivost tehnologije in možnost kršitev človekovih pravic. Določbe ZNPPol, ki urejajo avtomatizirano primerjavo fotografij obrazov, ne upoštevajo strogih zahtev po določnosti vsakega koraka obdelave osebnih podatkov, to pa ne onemogoča uporabe dokazov, pridobljenih s FRT, v slovenskem kazenskem postopku. Facial recognition technology (FRT) is an artificial intelligence system that works as a tool for law enforcement in Slovenia and around the world. As a technological novelty with a significant impact on human rights, it represents a challenge to the law. The aim of this thesis is to answer whether the Slovenian legislation is in line with the FRT development and its capabilities, and whether the evidence obtained by FRT is admissible in the Slovenian criminal procedure. FRT has in the past 60 years of development advanced from requiring guiding human input of dimension and coordinates of faces, to its (almost) complete independence in automatically processing a picture without added manual input. This resulted in removing human errors and perfecting accuracy in facial recognition including great aptitude of problem solving such as different size, obscure incline or orientation of faces on pictures. Most governments at least consider applying its technology in collecting evidence in law enforcement. It must be noted, however, that FRT impacts several human rights such as the right to privacy, personal data protection, human dignity and the freedom of assembly. Therefore, its use must be strictly regulated, including in investigation and prosecution of criminal offences. For example, in Slovenia the police department is permitted to use automated comparisons of facial photographs with live FRT excluded. When considering the admissibility of evidence obtained by FRT in Slovenian criminal procedures, the right to challenge the credibility of such evidence, the (un)reliability of the technology, and the possible human rights violations must be taken into account. However, legal provisions of the Police Tasks and Power Act, that stipulate the automated comparison of facial images, do not comprehensively regulate steps of the program in regards to respect for personal data. Nevertheless, this does not preclude the admissibility of evidence obtained by FRT. |
