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Kanuizem je monostrukturni šport z merljivim rezultatom in spremenljivimi razmerami. Je zelo zahteven šport, saj je potrebno poleg dobre kondicijske priprave in tehničnega znanja poznati tudi hidrodinamične značilnosti vode. Ker kanuisti veslajo z enolistnim veslom, je njihova tehnika v primerjavi s kajakom veliko bolj zahtevna. Tekmovanja obsegajo dve vožnji, kjer tekmovalci veslajo med rdeče belimi in zeleno belimi vratci. Dotik vratc se kaznuje z dvema kazenskima sekundama, izpuščena pa s petdesetimi kazenskimi sekundami. Poznamo osem osnovnih zavesljajev, od katerih se večinoma uporabljajo le trije. Analizirali smo tehniko treh najpogosteje uporabljenih zavesljajev (osnovni zavesljaj naprej, zavesljaj v loku naprej in privlačevanje premca) ter določili glavne mišične skupine, ki omogočajo gibanje. Namen diplomske naloge je bil predstaviti mišične prilagoditve na enostransko obremenitev pri treningu, ki poteka tudi po več ur dnevno. Prilagoditve se kažejo kot mišična nesorazmerja med levo in desno polovico telesa, kot tudi med agonisti in antagonisti na posameznih delih telesa. V razpoložljivih virih nismo zasledili raziskav, ki bi preučevale prilagoditve na enostranske obremenitve pri kanuistih, zato smo uporabili ugotovitve primerljivih raziskav iz rokometa in tenisa. Za namen diplomskega dela smo izvedli meritve štirih kanuistov, starih med 17 in 26 let, ki tekmujejo na mednarodni ravni. Pri merjencih smo ugotovili mišična neravnovesja med levo in desno stranjo telesa. Za ugotavljanje neravnovesja telesa smo izvedli meritve obsega mišic nadlakti, FMS test in vizualno oceno mišične mase na podlagi fotografij. Ugotovili smo tudi slabšo gibljivost na bolj obremenjeni strani telesa, kar je lahko posledica skrajšanja dominantnih mišic. Potrdili smo našo hipotezo, da se pri kanuistih pojavljajo mišična neravnovesja, ki se kažejo v povečanju mišične mase dominantne strani telesa, v povečanem obsegu mišic dominantne roke in zmanjšani gibljivosti na dominantni strani telesa. Glede na te ugotovitve smo za kanuiste pripravili program vadbe, s katerim bi lahko vplivali na ohranjanje mišičnega ravnovesja in ustrezne gibljivosti. Program vadbe priporočamo kot preventivo za mlajše kanuiste in kot korekcijo za že nastalo mišično neravnovesje zaradi enostranskih obremenitev. Canoeing is a monostructured sport with measurable results and changing conditions. This is a very demanding sport for which one needs not only good physical shape and technical knowledge but also good understanding of the hydrodynamic characteristics of water. Because canoeists paddle with one-blade paddle their technique is much more difficult than kayaking. Competitions consist of two runs in which contestants paddle between red-white and green-white gates. Touching a gate is punished with two penalty seconds while a missed gate adds fifty penalty seconds. There are eight basic strokes but only three of them are usually used. We have analyzed the technique of the three most commonly used strokes (forward stroke, turning sweep and bow draw pivots) and defined the main muscle groups that are involved in these movements. The purpose of this thesis was to present muscle adaptations to one-sided burden during training which lasts several hours per day. Adjustments can be seen as muscle imbalance between left and right half of the body, as well as difference between agonists and antagonists muscles in certain parts of the body. There is no literature on research of muscle imbalances in canoeists, therefore studies of other sports, especially handball and tennis, were used as a basis for this study. For the purpose of the research four canoeists aged between 17 and 26 years that are competing at the international level were measured. Muscle imbalance between the left and right side of the body was discovered in all examinees. To determine the differences measurements such as upper arm circumference and FMS test were done as well as visual assessment of muscle mass based on photographs. Poor mobility was also noted on the dominant side of the body, which might occur because of shortening of the muscles. We proved our hypothesis – canoeists’ muscle imbalances were clearly demonstrated as the increase in muscle mass on the dominant side of the body, the increased circumference of the upper arm on the dominant side and the reduced mobility also on the dominant side of the body. Therefore a training programme for canoeists was provided to preserve muscle balance and appropriate mobility. We recommend it to younger canoeists for muscle imbalance prevention as well as corrective exercises for existing problems. |
