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Uspeh v kolesarstvu je odvisen od številnih dejavnikov. Eden glavnih je vzdržljivost, pomembna pa je tudi moč, še posebej pri pospeševanju, vožnji v strme klance, za zaključke dirk. Za preverjanje tovrstne sposobnosti kolesarjev uporabljamo teste za oceno anaerobnih sposobnosti. Mi smo uporabili 30-sekundni Wingate test, vsakemu kolesarju pa smo izmerili še telesno višino in sestavo telesa z bioimpedančno metodo. Glavni namen magistrske naloge je bil primerjava anaerobne kapacitete med gorskimi kolesarji v spustu, enduru, krosu in cestnimi kolesarji. Želeli smo ugotoviti razlike v telesnih značilnostih in anaerobni kapaciteti med posameznimi kolesarskimi disciplinami, ugotoviti povezavo tega s tekmovalno uspešnostjo ter kriterije nadpovprečno uspešnega kolesarja za vsako disciplino posebej. V analizo je bilo vključenih 39 kolesarjev (9 kolesarjev v enduru, 10 kolesarjev v spustu, 9 kolesarjev v krosu in 11 cestnih kolesarjev), starejših od 18 let, ki tekmujejo pod okriljem KZS. Za obdelavo podatkov smo uporabili program IBM SPSS Statistics, kjer smo za ugotavljanje razlik v povprečjih uporabili enosmerno ANOVO za neodvisne vzorce, za ugotavljanje povezanosti med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in posameznimi spremenljivkami pa Pearsonovo korelacijo med pari spremenljivk. Pri vseh statističnih analizah je bila upoštevana stopnja tveganja α = 5 %. Pri primerjavi telesne teže so bile razlike statistično značilne med disciplinama spust in kros (75,6 kg in 67,6 kg). Blizu statistične značilnosti je bila tudi primerjava disciplin enduro in kros (74,9 kg in 67,6 kg). Statistično značilne so bile razlike v % maščobe med tekmovalci endura, krosa in cestnega kolesarstva (14,4 %, 10 % in 8,5 %). Med istimi disciplinami je bila razlika tudi v % mišičevja (48,8 %, 51,2 % in 52,3 %). Statistično značilne razlike so bile zaznane tudi za ITM, vendar Post Hoc testi dejanskih razlik niso zaznali. Največja razlika je bila med kolesarji v spustu oz. kolesarji v enduru in kolesarji krosa (23,3 za spust in enduro in 21,1 za kros kolesarje). Rezultati, izmerjeni na Wingate testu, med disciplinami niso pokazali statistično značilnih razlik. Največja razlika je bila pri indeksu utrujenosti, ki je bil pri cestnih kolesarjih nižji kot pri kolesarjih ostalih disciplin (55,3 % proti > 60 % pri ostalih). Prav tako ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik med disciplinami pri absolutni in relativni anaerobni kapaciteti. Preverili smo povezanost tekmovalne uspešnosti z izmerjenimi telesnimi lastnostmi in sposobnostmi. Pri disciplini enduro je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in telesno težo, mišičevjem (kg) in minimalno močjo. Uspešnejši so bili tisti z višjo telesno težo, več mišičevja in večjo minimalno močjo. Pri spustu statistično značilnih povezav s tekmovalno uspešnostjo ni bilo. Pri krosu je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in telesno višino, relativnim upadom moči in relativnim upadom moči na sekundo. Uspešnejši so bili višji kolesarji z večjim relativnim upadom moči in relativnim upadom moči na sekundo. Pri cestnih kolesarjih je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in starostjo ter minimalno močjo. Uspešnejši so bili starejši kolesarji z večjo minimalno močjo. Ustvarili smo tudi kriterije nadpovprečnega kolesarja tekmovalca za vsako disciplino posebej, na podlagi katerih se lahko vsak kolesar po opravljenem Wingate testu primerja z najboljšimi. There are many factors that determine success in cycling. On the forefront we have stamina, followed by strength, especially when accelerating, riding uphill the steep slope, for race endings. To measure this ability in cyclists we use tests for evaluating anaerobic capability. We used 30-second Wingate test. We also measured each cyclist’s height and body composition with bioimpedance analysis. The main purpose of this master thesis was comparison of anaerobic capacity between downhill, enduro, cross-country and road cyclists. We wanted to compare differences in body characteristics and anaerobic capacity between each cycling discipline, find correlation of these with competitive performance and criteria for above average cyclist for each cycling discipline. There were 39 participants in this study (9 enduro mountain bikers, 10 downhill mountain bikers, 9 cross-country mountain bikers and 11 road cyclists), all of them were older than 18 years old and compete under KZS (Slovenian Cycling Federation). For statistical analysis we used IBM SPSS Statistics program. To determine the differences in mean values we used One-way ANOVA for independent samples, for correlations between competitive performance and individual variables we used Pearson’s correlation between variable pairs. For each statistical analysis we used risk level of α=5 %. When comparing body weight statistically significant differences have been found between disciplines downhill and cross-country (75,6 kg and 67,6 kg). Nearly statistically significant was also comparison between disciplines enduro and cross-country (74,9 kg and 67,6 kg). Statistically significant was a difference in % of body fat between enduro, cross-country and road racers (14,4%, 10% and 8,5 %). In previously mentioned disciplines there was also difference in % of musculature (48,8%, 51,2% and 52,3%). Statistically significant differences were noticed when comparing BMI, but Post Hoc tests didn’t find the differences between groups. The biggest difference was noticed between downhill or enduro cyclists and cross-country cyclists (23,3 for downhill and enduro and 21,1 for cross-country cyclists). Wingate's test results didn’t show any statistically significant differences between cycling disciplines. The biggest difference was noted in fatigue index, which was lower in road cyclists than in cyclists of other disciplines (55,3% vs. >60% in other disciplines). There weren’t any statistically significant differences between disciplines when comparing absolute and relative anaerobic capacity. We checked correlation between competitive performance and measured body characteristics and capabilities. Statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and body weight, musculature (kg) and minimal power was proved in enduro discipline. More successful were heavier riders, those who had more musculature and higher minimal power. There were no statistically significant correlations with competitive performance in downhill. With cross-country was statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and height, relative power drop and relative power drop per second. On the other hand, with road cyclists we discovered statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and age and minimal power. More successful were older cyclists with greater minimal power. We designed criteria for above average cycling racers for every discipline separately, wherewith comparison between the best racers and each cyclist who finished Wingate test is possible. |
