Эвакуация людей из высотных зданий при пожарах
| Jazyk: | ruština |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2012 |
| Předmět: | |
| Zdroj: | Вестник МГСУ. |
| ISSN: | 2304-6600 1997-0935 |
| Popis: | При пожаре в жилых зданиях гибель людей в результате обрушения конструкций маловероятна, так как условия, опасные для жизни людей при пожаре, появляются значительно раньше, чем наступает предел огнестойкости строительных конструкций. Контакт человека с открытым пламенем даже в течение малого промежутка времени приводит к гибели человека. The authors argue that no collapse of structures is likely in the event of a fire emergency in multistoried buildings, rather, other fire-related factors may endanger the lives of people inside high-rise buildings exposed to the fire emergency, including open fire, sparks, high ambient temperature, smoke and toxic combustion products, reduced concentration of oxygen, and combined influence of various factors. In case of fire, the temperature inside buildings reaches 1100 °С. It exceeds the temperature of the ambient air acceptable for humans by far (70 °С). The experiments demonstrate that combustion products contain hundreds of toxic chemical compounds. The most hazardous of them include carbon oxide, carbon dioxide, chloride and cyanic hydrogen, aldehydes and acrolein. The author provides the pattern of their influence on the human body. The smoke consists of unburned particles of carbon and aerosols. The size of particles fluctuates within 0.05-50 MMK. Smoke produces a physiological and psychological impact on human beings. It has been proven that dangerous fire factors emerge within the first five to ten minutes of the emergency situation. Evacuation is the principal method of safety assurance. However, the velocity of propagation of smoke and heat is so high that even if the fire prevention system is in operation, people may be blocked both on the floors that are exposed to the fire and those that escape its propagation. New evacuation and rescue methods are recommended by the author. Various ways and methods of use of life-saving facilities are also provided. Safe evacuation is feasible from buildings where the number of stories does not exceed 1012. During evacuation, high density human streams are formed inside buildings, therefore, the period of stay in a burning building is increased. The calculations have proven that a two-minute delay of evacuation converts into a safe evacuation of only 13-15% of people. Low reliability of smoke detectors can make the evacuation of people from high-rise buildings impossible. Special design of smoke detectors is needed for high-rise buildings. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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