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Горно-лугово-буроземные почвы (Cambic Umbrisols) распространены у высокогорье Украинских Карпат. Буроземный процесс почвообразование под пологом травянистой растительности дополняется дерновым, что существенно влияет на формирование почв. С целью изучения особенностей формирования гумусового профиля и различий в составе горно-лугово-буроземных почв в пределах высокогорья Черногорского массива нами проведены детальные исследования в различных биоклиматических поясах: альпийском и субальпийском, и в месте интенсивного выпаса скота, с целью изучения трансформации гумуса в процессе хозяйственной деятельности на полонинах. Исследования показали, что почвы характеризуются высоким содержанием общего гумуса. В составе гумуса преобладает группа фульвокислот, а именно фракции 1а и 1; фракция ГК2, которая связана с кальцием, отсутствует. Степень гумификации почв очень слабая и уменьшается с увеличением абсолютной высоты. В результате антропогенного воздействия качественный состав гумуса изменился на гуматно-фульватный, а почвы характеризируются меньшим содержанием общего гумуса. По оптическим свойствам гуминовых кислот горно-лугово-буроземные почвы относятся к почвам с очень низкой оптической плотностью.The analysis of soil-geographic studies showed that the dominant process in alpine and subalpine zones is the process of brownification. The upper layer of mountains (1600 m above sea level) has cold, over humid climate and shrub-meadow vegetation, and is characterized by particular soil-forming processes. A soil with sod is formed under the influence of sod-forming grass, but the biological life in such severe climatic conditions is less active than on the plains. Thus, specific Cambic Umbrisols are formed. In order to study the features of the formation of humus profile in different bioclimatic zone of highlands, detailed studies have been made within the Chornogora. A soil incision on the spot of high-intensive cattle grazing has been laid down in order to identify features of the properties transformation under the influence of human activity in the valleys. All laboratory tests were carried out according to conventional techniques. Cambic Umbrisols belong to the soil group with accumulative-izohumic type of organic-profile, which is characterized by internal accumulation of organic matter with a low degree of humification, low rate of decay and mineralization. Investigations show that according to humusness of horizon Umbric, Cambic Umbrisols belong to the high humusness soils. According to the character of profile humusness distribution the studied soils belong to the regressive-cumulative subtype of cumulative type. A group of fulvic acids dominates in the composition of humus Cambic Umbrisols. This group of fulvic acids includes fractions FA1a FA1 that are attached to moving sesquioxides. GA2 fraction that is attached to Calcium, is missing. Under the influence of human activity fulvic composition of humus of Umbric horizon turns into humic-fulvic. This process is primarily connected with changes in the qualitative composition of the absorbing complex. According to the quality and stability indicator of humus, humus of mountainous meadowy brown soils is characterized as very mobile and low quality, because it consists mainly of coarse poorly decomposed organic material. According to the optical properties of humic acids mountainous meadowy brown soils refer to soils with very low optical density. Indicators of the optical density of humic acids are reduced with the depth, which correlates with the decrease of humus content of the upper humus-accumulative horizons to the soil-forming rock. Also the optical density is reduced down the soil-profile because of migrating here from the upper horizons labile humic acid with a simple structure and their degradation products that are similar to the properties of fulvic acids. Reducing the color ratios in the soils of the subalpine zone shows the growth of the number of mature humic acids, and high values of these parameters in the soils of the alpine zone is explained by new formation of young humic acids. But the most "young" soils, according to the extinction coefficient, is soil under the human influence. The optical density of humic acids mountainous meadowy brown soils depends on the local ecological and genetic conditions of soil formation. In view of the large humid climate and low averagetemperatures, making it difficult to complete the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms form a dispersed humic acids that have a weak condensation nucleus is very labile and close to the nature of fulvic acids. Considering features of studied soils, we deem it correct in the new substantive-genetic classification of Ukraine in the class post-lithogenic soil to give them as a separate type of humic-brown soil. |
