| Zdroj: |
Lemberg-Pedersen, M & Joel Halpern, O 2021, Frontex and Exit Governance : Dataveillance, civil society and markets for border control . Advancing Alternative Migration Governance (AdMiGov), vol. Deliverable 2.3, Københavns Universitet, Centre for Advanced Migration Studies, University of Copenhagen . < http://admigov.eu/upload/Deliverable_23_Frontex_and_Exit_Governance_Lemberg-Pedersen_Halpern.pdf > |
| Popis: |
Whilst exit operations are usually used to describe practices like forced returns or even voluntary or assisted ones, this report will explicate how other practices also need to be examined as exit governance. The report traces exit governance from the way in which the political institutions, and with them Frontex, are seeking to transform not just the operational understanding of exit policies, but also the very knowledge environment through which exit is understood by Member States and non-state actors. As such, it understands exit governance widely, as concerning both the seemingly discrete functioning of large-scale information systems and how they process and store data, over the different kinds of Frontex support and organization of return flights, to the highly controversial pushback practices. As the latter term indicates, this practice means that border authorities, or actors contracted by such authorities, seek to force migrants to exit EU territory. As such this connects to the various internal and external investigations which have faced the Frontex Agency since 2020. Part and parcel of this more expansive understanding of exit governance is also that it is connected to various markets for border control technologies and enforcement, as well as to forums where non-profit actors also seek to impact how people are sent out of EU territory. This report details the central and rapidly expanding role of the Frontex Agency in the institutional structure and political dynamics underpinning EU exit policies, and how the Agency interacts with a range of non-state actors, ranging from commercial for-profit companies to International Organizatons (IOs) and civil society organizations, such as NGOs. |
