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The purpose of the work is a review theoretical description of some biophysical mechanisms of physiological adaptation of homeostasis of a homoiothermal animal in relation to the conditions of the environment of vital activity. Erwin Schrödinger, for the first time, described negentropy as the leading criterion for distinguishing a living system from an don’t living. It was figuratively noted that the biosystem «feeds on negative entropy», attracting the flow of negentropy (negative entropy) to itself (metabolism), which it produces (anabolism and catabolism) and thus maintains itself at a stationary and rather low level of entropy (that is — positive entropy). It is known that the production of entropy per unit mass per unit of time (measured by metabolism) increases during the first period of ontogenesis, reaching a maximum value of the entropy value, and then begins to decrease, reaching a stationary value. Thus, the cyclical of the entropy values, with periods of peak values and stabilization, in the processes of neonatal growth and development of the organism was established. Accordingly, in a based of the homeostasis of development of the organism, that is, its thermodynamic characteristics, a some «stationary non-equilibrium state» is realized, uncritical deviations from homeostasis may be beneficial to the biosystem, in the long term, in the targets to of further preserve vital activity. Accentuated, the predominance of anabolism, in the initial periods of growth and development is emphasized due to the negentropic role of nonspecific adaptation reactions, reflected in the «homeostatic curve», or in the so-called systemic nonlinear fluctuating structures (oscillators) in the theory of homeokinesis, as oscillation of physiological resources. Including, by changing the nature of the dynamics of the content of plastic and humoral substances in the blood plasma of the organism of an animal. These regulatory adaptive reactions form their own system of homeostasis restoration — a homeoresis, based on the laws of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics, as a result, determines the growth and development of the organism, expressed in a complex of physiological functions through heat (ΔQ) — as an indicator of work realization (ΔA), that is, vital functions of organ systems and of the holistic organism in ontogenesis, respectively, provided by internal energy (ΔU) or otherwise, a summation of energy processes. At the same time, the second law of thermodynamics characterizes and determines the instability of heat — by the presented of entropy (ΔS), as the main quality of the living system. Consequently, the instability itself, or otherwise the thermodynamic probability of entropy (W), allows the internal environment of the organism, noting, as an allegory, to select the necessary «keys» to the «open a lock», that is, to adapt to the factors of the environment of vital activity. Accordingly, survive and form adaptations in each subsequent physiological period, which are based on nonspecific adaptive reactions established in the previous physiological period, that is, to realize adaptive homeostasis in ontogenesis. A conclusion was made. From the biophysical and physiological position, the vital activity of a warm-blooded animal is a combination of cyclical adaptive, and irreversible phenomena associated with senile processes. In other words, a set of transformations (entropy-negentropic processes) of the state of the internal environment, providing a stationary energy non-equilibrium of the organism with environmental factors. In this case, it is likely that the themselves energy and metabolism changes of the internal environment, during each physiological period, are trigger agents for adaptations of homeostasis in subsequent periods of the ontogeny of the animal. Keywords: thermodynamics of a biosystem, entropy and negentropy, regulation and adaptation, adaptive homeostasis, broiler chickens. Please cite this article as: Kolesnik, E. A. To the Problem of Physiological Adaptive Homeostasis In the Model of the Organism of Warm-Blooded Animals (а review) / E. A. Kolesnik, M. A. Derkho // Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University. Education and Healthcare. – 2020. – № 4 (12). – P. 15–30. – doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.16866820.v2. (In Russian). |
