What Have We Learned about Household Biomass Cooking in Central America?
| Autor: | Wang, Xiaoping, Franco, Janina, Masera, Omar R., Troncoso, Karin, Rivera, Marta X. |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2013 |
| Předmět: |
FUEL COSTS
PRODUCERS CARBON FINANCE ECONOMIC GROWTH WOOD FUEL NO2 APPROACH GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS SOLID FUELS BURNERS COOKING CLIMATIC ZONES TRIPS TRANSACTION COSTS ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ECOSYSTEMS EXTERNALITIES CARBON MARKETS EMPLOYMENT LAND USE BIOMASS HARVESTING POPULATION GROWTH TRANSPORTATION COSTS PILOT PROJECTS RENEWABLE ENERGY AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ENERGY SECTOR FUELWOOD TROPICAL REGIONS OIL GLOBAL INTEREST HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES BLACK CARBON SPACE HEATING EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL BIOMASS USING MINES GREENHOUSE GAS THERMAL EFFICIENCY AIR POLLUTANTS FUEL EFFICIENCY AMBIENT AIR ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES PARTICULATE FOREST RESOURCES COSTS OF FUELS ANNUAL PRODUCTION COLORS COMBUSTION VARIABLE COSTS FINANCIAL INCENTIVES PETROLEUM GOLD CARBON PRICE RENEWABLE BIOMASS ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENTAL DEBT EMISSION REDUCTIONS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SAND FUEL SUBSTITUTION CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE COMBUSTION CHAMBER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GENERATION STOVES EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS TRADITIONAL BIOMASS SMOKE CLIMATE CHANGE MARKET PRICES HIGH BIOMASS CARBON PRICES ELECTRICITY FOREST DEGRADATION BIOMASS CARBON CARBON MARKET CARBON CREDITS FORESTS PARTICULATE MATTER WOODY BIOMASS REDUCED CO2 ALTERNATIVE FUELS ROADS ENERGY CONSUMPTION TEMPERATURE EMISSION FACTOR AIR IRON CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION TROPICAL RAINFOREST APPLIANCES CALORIFIC VALUE FOREST DIFFUSION HEALTH PROBLEMS CO ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AIR POLLUTION SAFETY OPPORTUNITY COSTS EMISSION REDUCTION CO2 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS DISINFECTION FUEL SAVINGS AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION LAND USE CHANGE LPG RURAL COMMUNITIES GREENHOUSE GASES FUELS COOKING FUELS SOLAR PANELS HEAT ABS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY EXPENDITURES RESIDENTIAL ENERGY TRANSPORT COSTS CERTIFICATION PROCESS LIMESTONE CARBON EMISSION CH4 LIGHTING LOSS OF FOREST NITROGEN DIOXIDE ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY RESIDENTIAL ENERGY USE ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRUCKS HEATING CARBON MONOXIDE BIOMASS PRODUCTION NATURAL RESOURCES PUBLIC GOODS ECONOMIES OF SCALE TRANSPORT CARBON FINANCING TRANSPORTATION CLIMATE NITROGEN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GHG PRESENT VALUE DEFORESTATION FUEL EXPENDITURES CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM EMISSION RURAL ELECTRIFICATION FISHERIES |
| Popis: | Twenty million people in Central America cook with biomass using open fires or rudimentary stoves. The number of people using biomass for cooking in the region will remain significant for a long time due to high incidence of poverty, high Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) prices coupled with unsustainable LPG subsidies, as well as relatively easy access to fuel wood in the region. Providing these people with clean and efficient cooking solutions is not just an energy issue, but one related to poverty, gender inequality, public health, environmental sustainability, local employment, climate change, agriculture, and local employment. A new generation of improved biomass cook stoves (ICS) has recently become available in Central America. The economic benefits from improving public health, reducing deforestation, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions well outweigh the costs of ICS dissemination. Efforts involving donor agencies, governments, non-governmental organizations, as well as local entrepreneurs have been made to disseminate ICS in the region in the last 10 years. The objective of this study is to better understand current developments in clean and efficient biomass cooking solutions, factors that have precluded a larger penetration of ICS within the region, and lessons learned from past programs-both in the region and in other countries-that may be relevant to Central America. The study recommends key actions that may help the region step up its current dissemination efforts and promote sustained use of ICS, a first step toward universal access to ICS by fuel wood users. Its intended audience includes different stakeholders, including government agencies, regional and international organizations, as well as various implementing entities who are thinking or rethinking appropriate technologies, policy interventions, financing, and delivery mechanisms for Central America to promote ICS. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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