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Mala in srednje velika podjetja (MSP) predstavljajo hrbtenico evropskega podjetništva. Zaradi njihove številčnosti in posledičnega vpliva na gospodarstvo postajajo MSP čedalje pogosteje obravnavan predmet ekonomskih raziskav. S pojavom globalizacije in posledično homogenizacijo globalnega trga je postalo mednarodno poslovanje naraven podjetniški korak, ki podjetjem odpira vrata do trgov in odjemalcev, vendar predvsem MSP, ki se zaradi svoje majhnosti praviloma soočajo z omejenostjo virov, hkrati izpostavlja negotovostim hitro spreminjajočega se poslovnega okolja in pritiskom globalne konkurence. Še posebej podjetja iz držav z manjšim domačim trgom se hitro soočijo z njegovo zasičenostjo in posledično omejenim tržnim potencialom, kar jih sili v pospešen proces internacionalizacije. Slednji zmeraj poteka v kontekstu podjetniškega okolja in institucionalnega okvira, ki nanj vplivata in ga sooblikujeta. Raziskava tako obravnava proces internacionalizacije slovenskih globalno rojenih MSP v kontekstu procesa ekonomske tranzicije. Rezultati empirične raziskave so pokazali dve smeri dinamike internacionalizacije slovenskih globalno rojenih MSP. V skladu s prvo se internacionalizirajo predvsem nizko in srednje tehnološka podjetja, ki na primarne, običajno geografsko bližje tuje trge vstopajo zaradi največje koncentracije potencialnih odjemalcev ali predhodno vzpostavljenih socialnih oziroma poslovnih stikov z lokalnimi tržnimi akterji, na nadaljnje tuje trge, ki so geografsko in kulturno bistveno bolj oddaljeni, pa vstopajo predvsem na podlagi prejetih povpraševanj. Pri pridobivanju poslov jim pomaga njihov položaj v poslovnih mrežah, v katere so vpeta, zato s člani mreže vzdržujejo dolgoročne in trdne odnose. Na geografsko in kulturno bližje trge podjetja vstopajo z direktno prodajo, medtem ko se na bolj oddaljenih povezujejo z lokalnimi partnerji. Za podjetja je značilna kontinuirana dinamika procesa internacionalizacije, pri čemer na čim večje število dodatnih tujih trgov vstopajo v enakomernih intervalih. V skladu z drugo smerjo se internacionalizirajo predvsem visoko tehnološka podjetja, ki so ob ustanovitvi oziroma kmalu po njej pridobila investitorje oziroma financiranje s sredstvi skladov tveganega kapitala, kar je neposredno vplivalo na njihovo lastniško strukturo in povečini rezultiralo v takojšnji ustanovitvi podružnic na tujih trgih, ki predstavljajo osrednje strateške trge znotraj panoge, v kateri delujejo, in za katere je značilna največja koncentracija raziskav ter razvoja, pa tudi potencialnih odjemalcev in konkurentov. Po vstopu na ciljne trge je za podjetja značilna izrazita stagnacija oziroma upočasnitev procesa internacionalizacije. Raziskava k preučevanju mednarodnega podjetništva, zlasti procesa internacionalizacije MSP, prispeva z definicijo opredelitvenih elementov slovenskih globalno rojenih MSP in dejavnikov njihove internacionalizacije, ter konstrukcijo dinamičnega modela internacionalizacije MSP v tranzicijski državi. Rezultati raziskave so uporabni tako za ustanovitelje oziroma managerje hitro internacionalizirajočih se MSP, kot tudi za ustvarjalce in izvrševalce politik, programov oziroma ukrepov institucionalne podpore, saj jim ponujajo holističen oris procesa internacionalizacije, s čimer posledično pripomorejo k načrtovanju njihovih nadaljnjih poslovnih aktivnosti in jim hkrati omogočajo identifikacijo ovir in problemskih področij, s katerimi se v posameznih fazah procesa internacionalizacije soočajo slovenska MSP. Rezultati raziskave tako kažejo jasno potrebo po spodbujanju strukturiranega pristopa k internacionalizaciji in sektorsko specifičnem ter časovno in vsebinsko prilagojenem sistemu ukrepov institucionalne podpore. Small and medium-sized enterprises represent a backbone of European entrepreneurship. Because of their vast numbers and their consequent impact on the economy, small and medium-sized enterprises have become a focal point of many economic researches. Pursuant to the globalization and the homogenisation of the global market, international entrepreneurship has become a natural step in the course of doing business that is connecting enterprises with markets and customers, but on the other hand exposes them to the insecurities of a rapidly changing business environment and the global competitive pressures, which is especially important for small and medium-sized enterprises that are due to their size often faced with limited resources. In the cases of countries with small domestic markets the latter are rapidly saturated, which leaves local enterprises with a limited market potential and forces them into rapid internationalisation. Since the internationalisation process is strongly connected with and dependent of the entrepreneurial environment and the institutional framework, the research studies the internationalisation process of Slovenian born global small and medium-sized enterprises in the context of economic transition. Research findings expose two predominant trajectories of enterprises’ internationalisation. The first internationalisation path is mainly undertaken by low and medium technology enterprises that start their international activities by entering geographically and culturally closer markets that are either characterised by a large concentration of potential customers, or prior social or business contacts of the enterprise’s founder or manager. In the next stages of their internationalisation process the enterprises enter geographically and culturally distant markets on the basis of perceived demand, taking advantage of their position in business networks, which is why they maintain solid and long-term relationships with other network members. They enter geographically and culturally closer markets by direct export, while they seek the help of local partners on the more distant ones. After their initial foreign market entry, the enterprises face a steady pace of their internationalisation process. They aspire to build their presence on as many foreign markets as possible, paying less attention to the increase of the market share on individual markets. The second internationalisation path mainly applies to high technology enterprises that received venture capital funding soon or right after their inception, which influenced their ownership structure and resulted in the establishment of subsidiaries on foreign markets, which represent the central markets within the industry that they operate in, with the biggest concentration of research and development, as well as potential customers and competitors. After the enterprises penetrate those markets, they invest their resources into the strengthening of their market position, which usually results in a stagnation of their internationalisation process. Our research contributes to the studying of international entrepreneurship by defining the elements of Slovenian born global enterprises and the factors of their internationalisation, on the basis of which the dynamic internationalisation model was construed. Research findings are of importance from the managerial and policy standpoint, since they provide a holistic and dynamic view on the internationalisation process that can be of assistance in planning enterprises' business activities, as well as in identifying the problem areas and obstacles that enterprises are faced with in the stages of their internationalisation process and addressing them by applying appropriate time- and content-wise adjusted institutional support measures. |
