Pravica državljanov Evropske unije do socialnega stanovanja v drugi državi članici

Autor: Todori, Teja
Přispěvatelé: Hojnik, Janja
Jazyk: slovinština
Rok vydání: 2016
Předmět:
Zdroj: Maribor
Popis: Evropska integracija je od samega začetka svojega obstoja namenjala poseben poudarek pravici do prostega pretoka oseb, kjer gre iskati zametke socialnih pravic državljanov EU. Prosto gibanje oseb je bilo v preteklosti v veliki meri omejeno na delavce in samozaposlene osebe, in zgolj te kategorije oseb so se na področju socialnih pravic lahko zanesle na enako obravnavanje kot nacionalnimi državljani. Z uvedbo evropskega državljanstva se je institut enakega obravnavanja razširil na vse evropske državljane. Sodišče EU je skozi svojo sodno prakso maloštevilčnim in splošnim določbam o dostopu do socialnih pravic v državah članicah gostiteljicah močno razširilo pomen, poudarilo načelo prepovedi diskriminacije ter zarisalo meje nacionalne suverenosti v sferi socialne politike. Države članice so izgubile monopol nad določanjem meril za dostop do nacionalnih socialnih pravic, katerih ne smejo omejevati izključno na svoje državljane in ne zahtevati, da se koristijo izključno na njenem ozemlju. Ob očitkih nekaterih držav članic, da so proti svoji volji izgubile nadzor nad svojim sistemom socialne blaginje, sodna praksa Sodišča EU s tega področja ostaja prežeta z nekonsistentnostmi. Trend naklonjenosti k podeljevanju širokega spektra socialnih pravic tudi ekonomsko neaktivnim državljanom EU se je v zadnjih letih, ob očitkih držav članic o pojavu »socialnega turizma«, obrnil. Zaznati je bolj omejujoč pristop Sodišča EU, ki se nagiba k »modelu integracije«, kot izkazujejo odločbe v zadevah Brey, Dano in Alimanovic. EU na področju stanovanjske politike nima neposrednih pristojnosti, a ker dodeljevanje neprofitnih stanovanj v najem sodi pod definicijo socialne pomoči, zapade pod okrilje PDEU. Države članice so pri dodeljevanju socialnih stanovanj dolžne spoštovati prepoved diskriminacije na podlagi državljanstva, česar nacionalne zakonodaje številnih držav članic ne spoštujejo. Že leta 1988 v zadevi Komisija proti Italiji je Sodišče EU zavzelo jasno stališče da element državljanstva ne sme igrati vloge pri dostopu do socialnih stanovanj v državah članicah. Kljub temu zakonodaja Združenega kraljestva vsebuje t.i. »right to reside« test, na podlagi katerega britanske oblasti presojajo, ali ima posameznik pravico do prebivanja na njenem ozemlju in posledično pravico do socialne pomoči, in ki je trenutno predmet sodne presoje v zadevi Komisija proti Združenem kraljestvu. Flamski dekret o zemljiščih in nepremičninah določa, da so do neprofitnih stanovanj upravičeni zgolj tisti posamezniki, ki so dovolj povezani z občino, o čemer se je Sodišče EU že izreklo v zadevi Libert in v kateri je zaznati izrazito intervencijski pristop, ki flamskemu zakonodajalcu omejuje suverenost pri oblikovanju nacionalne socialne politike. Tudi v slovenskem Stanovanjskem zakonu je zaslediti sporne pogoje, ob izpolnitvi katerih so državljani drugih držav članic EU upravičeni do neprofitnega stanovanja. Since the beginning of its existence the European integration has devoted special attention to the right of free movement of persons, from where the social rights of EU citizens stem. Free movement of people was at first largely confined to workers and self-employed persons and only these categories could rely on equal treatment with national citizens in the field of social rights. With the introduction of European citizenship the institute of equal treatment was extended to all European citizens. Through its case law the ECJ had importanltly extended the scope of the relatively few and vague provisions regarding access to social rights in host Member States, emphasizing the principle of non-discrimination and drawing the limits to national sovereignty in the sphere of social policy. Member States have thus lost their monopoly in setting the criteria for accessing national social rights, which may not be limited exclusively to its citizens nor taken advantage of exclusively on its territory. Despite the objections of some Member States that they have, against their will, lost control over their system of social welfare, ECJ's case law in this field remains rich in inconsitencies. The trend of granting a wide range of social rights to EU citizens, including the economically inactive ones, has recently, following the ever louder complaints of Member States about the emergence of "social tourism", changed. A more restrictive approach, with emphasis on the »integration model«, has been adopted by the ECJ, as evidenced in the case of Brey, Dano and Alimanovic. The EU has no direct competence in the field of national housing policy, but since granting access to social housing falls under the definition of social assistance, the latter in turn falls under the jurisdiction of TFEU. When allocating social housing Member States are obliged to comply with the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality, yet the national legislation of a number of Member States do not. As early as 1988 in the case Commission v Italy did the ECJ take a clear stance that the element of citizenship may not play a role in granting access to social housing in Member States. Even so, the legislation of the United Kingdom nowadays contains the "right to reside" test under which the British authorities consider whether an individual has the right to reside in its territory and consequently has the right to social assistance. The aforementioned test is currently subject to judicial review in the case Commission v United Kingdom. The Flemish decree on land and property states that only individuals who are sufficiently intertwined with a municipality are entitled to social housing on which the ECJ has already ruled in the case of Libert. A distinctly interventionist approach has been adopted in the judgement, restricting the Flemish legislator in its sovereignty in the field of national social policy. The Slovenian Housing Act too contains discriminative conditions which must be fulfilled for citizens of other EU states to be entitled to social housing.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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