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Današnji trend naraščanja kriminala vedno bolj ogroža obstoj demokratične države. Zaradi tega se je država dolžna boriti proti naraščanju kriminalitete in pri tem posledično tudi zaščititi pravice in svoboščine svojih državljanov. To pa lahko stori le, če uzakoni sredstva, ki bodo enakovredna vrstam in načinom delovanja, ki jih uporablja organiziran kriminal. Prikriti preiskovalni ukrepi so eni izmed sredstev, ki omogočajo učinkovito preprečevanje in zatiranje kriminala. Dvom, ki jih zbuja uporaba takšnih ukrepov je v tem, da pri svojem izvrševanju posegajo v ustavno varovane pravice. Ustavne pravice vsakega posameznika so temeljne pravice, v katere je mogoče posegati le po vnaprej določenih pogojih. Dolžnost države pa je v varovanju le teh, pri čemer mora, da bi zagotovila njihovo zaščito v njih tudi posegati. Prikriti preiskovalni ukrepi so posebne metode preiskovanja težjih kaznivih dejanj, še posebej organiziranega kriminala, saj klasična policijska pooblastila že dolgo ne zadostujejo več. Ker gre za ukrepe, ki nujno posegajo v pravice posameznika, njegovo zasebnost, morajo biti zakonsko omejeni in strogo nadzorovani. Preprečiti je namreč potrebno, da ne bi država arbitrarno in prekomerno posegala v človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine, tudi kadar to ni nujno potrebno. V diplomski nalogi je tudi obravnavan pojav doktrine človekovih pravic, ki je danes prevladujoča in skorajda povzdignjena v ideologijo. Razvila se je na podlagi večstoletnega boja proti zatiranju in želji po omejitvi vrhovne oblasti, ki grobo posega v integriteto posameznika. Resnično doktrini zelo težko očitamo večje filozofske zmote ali neustreznost, zato ne preseneča dejstvo, da je danes uveljavljena v pretežno vseh državah na zahodu. Doktrina človekovih pravic je proizvod človeka, ki je nepopoln, zato je tudi sama podvržena tej omejitvi — nepopolnosti. Katere so te nepopolnosti oz meje so tako formalne kot materialne meje. Formalne meje izhajajo iz same konstrukcije oziroma sheme doktrine, materialne pa so posledica vsebinskih in ideoloških predpostavk. Formalna meja se kaže v nezmožnosti doktrine človekovih pravic, da bi zajela avtentičnega človeka, saj je le-ta znotraj doktrine oropan številnih nepravnih sfer življenja. Prav tako so temeljne vrednote, ki naj bi jih varovale človekove pravice, le tiste, ki so predmet družbenega konsenza, to pa še ne pomeni, da so to absolutne vrednote. Tudi temeljne predpostavke kot so univerzalnost, neodtujljivost in temeljnost niso tako nesporne, kot se zdijo na prvi pogled. Doktrini lahko pripišemo pomanjkanje določil o človekovih dolžnostih in pretirano abstrakten jezik. Na drugi strani se nekatere materialne meje doktrine že odražajo v družbeni resničnosti. Človekove pravice temeljijo na liberalizmu in tako v ospredje postavljajo posameznikovo svobodo in individualizem. Svoboda kot vrhovno vrednota je omejena s svobodo drugega, to pa nehote vzpostavlja paradoks, namreč večja kot je svoboda, večja je potreba po njeni omejitvi. Individualizem se je stopnjeval do te mere, da postaja kontraproduktiven in tako posameznika potisnil v center lastne pozornosti, zameglil pa je pomen skupnosti. Najbolj očitna posledica doktrine človekovih pravic pa je pretirani materializem, ki je sodobno družbo pripeljal na rob ekološke katastrofe. Prikriti preiskovalni ukrepi so od svojega nastanka pa vse do danes doživeli veliko sprememb. K temu so botrovale številne ustavne določbe ter vedno večja uporaba izsledkov kot dokaznega gradiva v kazenskem postopku. Osnovni namen prikritih preiskovalnih ukrepov je zbiranje podatkov, ki se bodo kasneje uporabili kot dokazno gradivo v kazenskem postopku. Glede na raznolikost ukrepov je tudi intenziteta njihovega poseganja v ustavne pravice različna. Bolj ko ukrepi invazivno posegajo v pravice posameznikov večje število materialnih pogojev je po PREJUDICES TO THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND SECRET INVESTIGATIVE MEASURES – ABSTRACT Avtor: Jožica Krevs Mentor: prof. dr. Zlatan Dežman The trend of increasing organised criminal activity is becoming a more serious threat to the existential existence of a democratic country. Therefore the state's responsibility is to fight against it and consequently protect the rights and freedoms of its citizens. This can be achieved only through legalization of means which are equal to the kinds and ways of an organised crime. One of the means that enables effective prevention and supression of crime are the secret investigational measures. The drawback of using such measures is that their performance prejudices the constitutional rights. The constitutional rights of each individual are fundamental rights that may be prejudiced only under the predetermined conditions. The duty of the state is protecting those same rights – in order to do that, however, it has to prejudice them as well. Secret investigate methods are special methods of investigation dangerous criminal activities, especially organized criminal, created by the lack of success of regular police methods. My thesis deals with the doctrine of human rights, the dominating issue which has practically reached the level of ideology. It developed on the basis of multi-centennial fight against suppression and desire for limitation of supreme power, brutally interfering into individual¸s integrity. The doctrine may hardly be accused of philosophic blunder or being inappropriate, so its establishment is most Western countries is not surprising. The human rights doctrine is a product of a human, who is imperfect therefore the doctrine itself is limited in its desire for perfection. The thesis tries to determine which these imperfections and confines are. The thesis concerns the issue of both formal and material limits. Formal limits derive from the doctrine,s constructions or layout, while material limits are the conseguence of its contents or ideological presumptions. First formal limit appears as the inability of human rights doctrine to capture an authentic human being, who is robbed of many non-legal spheres within the doctrine itself. Furthermore, elementary values, which does not determine them absolute. Basic assumptions of human rights, such as universality, inalienability and fundamentality are also not as undisputable as they may seem to be. The doctrine may also be ascribed as lacking provisions on human obligations and using too abstract terminology. On the other hand, some doctrine,s material limits are already reflected in social reality. Human rights are based on liberalism and therefore point out man,s freedom and individualism. Freedom as a supreme principle is limited by freedom of others, which unintentionally creates a paradox – greater the freedom, greater the need to restrict it. Individualism has increased to such an extent that it becomes counterproductive, where a man himself is the centre of his own interest, while the meaning of society becomes obscure. Most obvious conseguence of human rights doctrine is excessive materialism, leading modern society to the edge of ecological catastrophe. The secret investigational measures have gone through many changes since their founding until today. This was due to the different constitutional provisions as well as increasingly bigger use of results of investigation as evidence in criminal proceedings. The basic intention of the secret investigational measures is gathering the information that can later be used as evidence in criminal proceedings. According to the various measures their intensityof prejudicing the constitutional rights is different. More invasively the measure prejudices the individual's rights, the more material conditions are to be fulfilled. My thesis mainly deals with functioning of individual measures and the presentation of prejudices to the constitutional rights. It tried to present which safeguards the legislator has enacted in order to prevent the arbitrary and illeg |
