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Kadar sodišče odloča o dajatvenem ali oblikovalnem zahtevku mora najprej razčistiti, ali obstoji pravno razmerje, od katerega je odvisna odločitev o glavni stvari. To stori s postavitvijo predhodnega vprašanja. Predhodno vprašanje je vprašanje obstoja ali neobstoja neke pravice ali pravnega razmerja, od katerega je odvisna odločitev o tožbenem zahtevku. Od rešitve predhodnega vprašanja je odvisna odločitev v glavni stvari. Kadar je odločba sodišča odvisna od predhodne rešitve vprašanja, ali obstaja kakšna pravica ali pravno razmerje (predhodno vprašanje), pa o njem še ni odločilo sodišče ali kakšen drug pristojen organ, lahko sodišče samo reši to vprašanje, če ni s posebnimi predpisi drugače določeno. Pravni učinek ima samo v konkretni pravdi. Sodišče svoje stališče oziroma odločitev o predhodnem vprašanju navede v obrazložitvi sodbe. To pomeni, da je brez učinka pravnomočnosti, saj pravnomočen postane le izrek sodbe. Zato ne veže strank in sodišča v morebitni kasnejši pravdi glede drugih zahtevkov iz istega pravdnega razmerja. V interesu strank pa je lahko, da se obstoj prejudicialnega pravnega razmerja ne reši le z učinkom v konkretni pravdi, ampak z učinkom pravnomočnosti. Tako bi odločitev o obstoju prejudicialnega pravnega razmerja zavezovala tudi v vseh morebitnih kasnejših pravdah glede drugih zahtevkov iz tega razmerja. Kadar je odločitev o sporu odvisna od vprašanja, ali obstaja ali ne obstaja kakšno pravno razmerje, ki je postalo med pravdo sporno, lahko tožnik uveljavlja s tožbo poleg obstoječega tudi nov tožbeni zahtevek. Z njim zahteva ugotovitev, da tako razmerje obstaja ali ne obstaja. Temu zahtevku pravimo vmesni ugotovitveni zahtevek. Namen tega je strankam omogočiti, da dosežejo, da sodišče tudi o obstoju prejudicialnega pravnega razmerja odloči v izreku sodbe z učinkom pravnomočnosti. Toženec lahko, isti učinek doseže z ustrezno nasprotno tožbo. When a court decides on a claim or actions for performance, it must first clarify whether there is a legal relationship on which the decision in the main proceedings depends. This is done by asking a preliminary question. The preliminary question is a matter of the existence or absence of any right or legal relationship on which the decision on the claim is dependent. The decision in the main proceedings depends on the solution of the preliminary question. When the decision of the court depends on the preliminary resolution of the question whether there is any right or legal relationship (preliminary question) but this has not yet been decided by the court or any other competent body, the court can decide on it unless otherwise stipulated by special regulations. It only has legal effect in a concrete dispute. The Court shall state its position or decision on the preliminary question in the reasoning of the judgment. This means that it lacks the effect of finality as only the operative part of the judgment becomes final. Therefore, it does not bind the parties and the courts in any subsequent litigation regarding other claims arising from the same legal relationship. It might be in the interests of the parties that the existence of a prejudicial legal relationship is solved not only with effect in the concrete dispute, but also with the effect of legal finality. In this way, the decision on the existence of a prejudicial legal relationship would also be binding in any subsequent judgments concerning other claims from this relationship. Where a decision on a dispute depends on whether or not there is any legal relationship which has become disputed between the litigation, the plaintiff may with this action assert also the new claim in addition to the existing one. Therewith the judicial finding is sought whether such a relationship exists or does not exist. This request is called an intermediate declaratory claim. The purpose of this is to enable the parties to reach a conclusion that the court also decides on the existence of a prejudicial legal relationship in the operative part of the judgment with the effect of finality. The defendant can achieve the same effect by an appropriate counterclaim. |
