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Projektna naloga temelji na primerjavi gradnje predorov v Sloveniji in predorov v tujini, s poudarkom na primerjavi gradnje Baznega predora Gotthard, ki predstavlja najdaljši in najgloblji predor na svetu, z gradnjo večjih predorov zgrajenih na območju Slovenije. Naloga prikazuje cilje posameznih projektov, idejne zasnove, probleme in izzive s katerimi so se srečevali inženirji in delavci pri sami gradnji, geološko raznolikost in zgodovino izgradnje predorov. Uporaba sodobnih tehnologij pri gradnjah predorskih cevi lahko bistveno prispeva k povečanju hitrosti gradnje in omogoča obvladovanje stroškov ter zagotavlja višji nivo zanesljivosti in varnosti pri gradnjah, ki je pri klasičnih ročnih izkopih s številnimi manj usposobljenimi delavci skoraj ni bilo mogoče zagotoviti. Glavni problemi se načeloma pojavljajo v prelomih hribinskih mas, prehodih med geološkimi formacijami in na območjih, kjer je prisotna večja količina talne vode, nevarnih plinov (metan) ter tudi na območjih z majhnimi nadkritji, kjer se pogosto graditelji odločajo za gradnjo pokritih vkopov in drugih zahtevnejših tehničnih rešitev (Koroški pokrov, cevni ščiti itd.). Večje razlike se pojavijo v kolikor primerjamo gradnjo predorov pod morjem ( Eurotunnel, Seikan, Marmaray,…) z gradnjo v hribinah (Bazni predor Lötschberg, Delaware Aqueduct, Bohinjski železniški predor, Karavanški,...). In this seminar paper, we compare building of tunnels in Slovenia and abroad with emphasis on the construction of the longest and deepest tunnel in the world Gotthard Base Tunnel with the largest tunnels built in Slovenia. It shows goals of projects, conceptual designs, problems, and challenges with whom engineers and workers had met in construction, geology, and history of the construction of tunnels. Use of modern technology has considerably helped in the construction of tunnels, which in the past represented even greater problems than today in the excavation. The main problems arise in breaks of mountain masses between geological formations and areas of presence of large quantities of ground water, hazardous gases (methane) and in areas with small overheads, where builders often decide to build cut and cover construction and others more demanding technical solutions (Carinthian cut and cover method, pipe roof,...). Each construction of tunnels is different, and every time they work under different conditions if we compare building of tunnels under the sea (Eurotunnel, Seikan Tunnel, Marmaray, ...) with building in the mountains (Lötschberg base tunnel, the Delaware Aqueduct, the Bohinj railway tunnel, Karavanke,...). |
