Upper - Carniolians mobilised into Wehrmacht 1943-1945

Autor: Kokalj Kočevar, Monika
Přispěvatelé: Friš, Darko
Jazyk: slovinština
Rok vydání: 2016
Předmět:
Zdroj: Maribor
Popis: Po začetku druge svetovne vojne v Sloveniji in razdelitvi ozemlja je nemški okupator po odhodu okupacijskih enot vzpostavil svojo civilno upravo v Spodnji Štajerski in v t. i. Južni Koroški. To upravno enoto, ki jo je sestavljalo šest nekdanjih gorenjskih okrajev, pozneje preoblikovanih v tri okrožja in jugoslovanski del Koroške, je najprej vodil namestnik koroškega deželnega vodje Franz Kutschera, od decembra 1941 naprej pa koroški deželni vodja Friedrich Rainer. Teritorialno je ozemlje spadalo pod XVIII. vojaško okrožje. V dogovoru med vodjo civilne uprave in skupino oboroženih oddelkov nemške nacionalsocialistične stranke, ki je bila pristojna za Južno Koroško, so poleti 1941 po nemškem modelu in podobnih vzpostavitvah v zasedenih deželah s civilno upravo ustanovili na Spodnjem Štajerskem in Južni Koroški enote vermanšafta, ki so bile podrejene SA skupini Südmark. Po organizacijski vzpostavitvi in imenovanju vodij je potekalo do oktobra 1941 evidentiranje gorenjskih mož v starosti od 18 do 45 let. Čeprav je bilo po odloku o vzpostavitvi enot SA Wehrmannschaft iz leta 1939 služenje prostovoljno, so ga na Gorenjskem predstavljali kot dolžnost in obveznost. Enote vermanšafta so v nasprotju z vermanšaftom na Štajerskem opravljale le polvojaško urjenje, sodelovale na različnih dogodkih in zbirale sredstva za različne formacije in skupine. Vodje in podvodje vermanšafta so se usposabljali v šoli za vodje v Rogaški Slatini, skupaj s štajerskimi vermani. Do spomladi 1942 število vermanov na Gorenjskem ni preseglo 17.000 mož. Vermani so bili po hierarhičnem sistemu SA v okviru enot vključeni v »Wehrmannschaftsbrigade Oberkrain«. Od zgodnje pomladi so vermane vključevali v različne enote krajevnih straž, h orožnikom in t. i. Nujni tehnični pomoči. Od januarja 1942 je bila na Gorenjskem ustanovljena nacionalsocialistična stranka NSDAP. Že od spomladi so pozivali Gorenjce k prostovoljni priključitvi v Waffen SS, vendar je bilo zelo malo odziva. 7. julija 1942 je gauleiter Friedrich Rainer uvedel t. i. dolžnost do služenja v državni delovni službi in vojaško dolžnost. Z razglasom je 27. septembra 1942 podelil Gorenjcem državljanstvo na preklic, in sicer v povezavi z odlokom nemškega notranjega ministrstva z dne 14. oktobra 1941. Formalnopravno sicer Gorenjske zaradi različnih razlogov niso nikoli vključili v Tretji rajh, so pa za prebivalce Gorenjske s podelitvijo državljanstva začeli veljati isti zakoni kot na ozemlju matične Nemčije. Tako so tudi vojaški prijavni uradi, ki so bili vzpostavljeni decembra 1941 pozvali občinske urade, naj pripravijo evidence letnikov, ki bi bili vpoklicani v nemško vojsko. Od novembra 1942 so potekali nabori moških letnikov od 1916 do 1926, pričeli so z naborom letnikov 1923 in 1924, na koncu so avgusta 1943 vpoklicali v državno delovno službo RAD letnik 1926. Prvi vpoklicanci so bili letniki 1923 in 1924, v RAD taborišča pa so bili poslani januarja 1943. Po polletnem služenju v RAD so vpoklicance pošiljali v različne rezervne vojaške enote, kjer so jih usposobili za bojevanje na fronti. Največ gorenjskih vojakov je bilo poslanih na vzhodno fronto. Skupno število prisilno mobiliziranih presega 11.000. Na bojiščih jih je umrlo čez 1700, številni so padli v anglo-ameriško ali rusko ujetništvo. Iz slovenskih ujetnikov, ki so bili zajeti na fronti v Normandiji, so v Veliki Britaniji ustanovili jedro 5. prekomorske brigade, v Sovjetski zvezi pa je bila ustanovljena 1. jugoslovanska brigada in tankovska brigada. Številni so na fronti dezertirali in se priključili osvobodilnim gibanjem po Evropi. Več tisoč jih je uspelo dezertirati v partizanske enote v Sloveniji, nekaj sto se jih je priključilo tudi Gorenjski samozaščiti. Po koncu vojne so se iz različnih ujetniških taborišč vračali še vse do sredine petdesetih let. Status prisilnega mobiliziranca po vojni je bil odvisen od situacije v ožjem domačem okolju. Veliko jih je bilo obravnavanih kot državljani drugega razreda, imeli so težave pri šolanju, zaposlitvi, After the beginning of World War II in Slovenia and the division of the territory, the German occupying forces set up after the departure of the occupying military units its civil administration in the Gorenjska region (Upper Carniolia), led by the first Deputy Gauleiter of the Carinthian Gau Franz Kutschera, from December 1941 onwards Gauleiter Friedrich Rainer. The territory of the so-called Southern Carinthia belonged to the XVIII. Military District. By the agreement between the head of the civil administration and the SA group Südmark in the summer of 1941 Wehrmannschaft units subordinated to SA group were organized. After organizing the headquarters and establishment of units, recording of men between the ages of 18 to 45 years followed. Although the decree introducing the service established in the 1939 as voluntary, in Gorenjska represented a duty and obligation. Wehrmannschaft units carried out, unlike the units of Wehrmannschaft in Styria, only half military service, excercising, participation in various events and fundraising for different formations and groups.Leaders and sub leaders of Wehrmannschaft were trained in a school for leaders in Rogaška Slatina, together with the Styrian men. By the spring of 1942 the number of Wehrmannschaft in Gorenjska did not exceed 17,000 men. Men were within the SA system of units included in the Wehrmannschaftsbrigade Oberkrain. From early spring Wehrmannschaft men were included in the various units of local guards, provincial guards and the selfdefence as well as in the units of the technical assistance Technische Nothilfe. They were also transferred to gendarme units and helped as auxhiliary policemen. In January 1942 the Nazi party NSDAP in Gorenjska was founded. Since the spring 1942 the Wehrmannschaft men were urged to voluntary join the Waffen SS but there was very little response. On 7th July 1942 Gauleiter Rainer introduced the so-called duty of state labor service and military duty. With announcement on 27th September 1942 the Gorenjska population were granted citizenship on probation, in coordination with the Ministry Decree of 14rd October 1941. Legally, Gorenjska otherwise was never for a variety of reasons, included in the Third Reich, but the granting of citizenship started to subject residents of Gorenjska to the same laws as the ones one the territory of Germany. Thus, even the military reporting office, which were established in December 1941 ordered municipal offices to prepare records of generations who would have been called in. Since November 1942, evidences of men born from 1916 to 1926 were prepared beginnig with the 1923 and 1924 generations and in August 1943 the generation 1926 was conscripted into the national labor service RAD. The first conscripted were generations 1923 and 1924, who were sent to RAD camps in January 1943. After a half year of service in the RAD the men were sent to various reserve military units, where they were trained for the front. The majority of Gorenjska soldiers were sent to the Eastern Front. Total number of forcibly mobilized exceed 11,000. On the battlefields over 1700 of them were killed or died. Many ended in the Anglo-American or Russian captivity. Slovenian prisoners who were captured in front at Normandy founded in Britain the core of 5th Overseas Brigade, in the Soviet Union was founded the 1st Yugoslav brigade and a tank brigade. Many also deserted on the front and joined different liberation movements in Europe. Several managed to desert to the partisans in Slovenia, some few hundred of them joined the Gorenjska selfdefence, Oberkrainer Selbstschutz. Coming home from various POW camps continued until the mid-fifties. Status of the forcibly mobilized into Wehrmacht after the war was dependent on the situation in home society. Many of them were treated as second class citizens, had difficulties in schooling, getting jobs, obtaining credit, at least until the seventies several were also repeatedly interrogated. They had
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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