Medieval Tournaments in High Middle Ages

Autor: Kompara, Luka
Přispěvatelé: Ravnikar, Anton
Jazyk: slovinština
Rok vydání: 2017
Předmět:
Zdroj: Maribor
Popis: Obdobje visokega srednjega veka v Evropi okvirno zajema čas 11., 12. in 13. stoletja. Zanj so značilni predvsem nenadna demografska rast, napetosti med posvetno in duhovno oblastjo ter nastop križarskih vojn. Viteški stan, ki je tradicionalno starogermansko obredje povezal s krščanskimi nazori, je postal gonilna sila militantne srednjeveške družbe. Pojem viteštva je zajemal vdanost in službo svetnemu gospodu, ter boj za svobodo, resnico in pravico v imenu Boga in Cerkve. Za družbo tedanjega časa so novost predstavljali tudi viteški turnirji, ki so nastali kot odgovor na razvijajočo se vojaško tehniko in taktiko bojevanja. Za domovino turnirja velja Francija, znan in razvit pa je bil tudi v drugih državah Evrope, npr. Angliji, Svetem rimskem cesarstvu, idr. V svoji osnovi so turnirji predstavljali pripravo novonastalega viteškega reda na vojno, saj je tekmovanje potekalo v dveh strnjenih skupinah vitezov na konjih, ki sta posnemali boje v pravih bitkah. Ker je bila viteška oprema na turnirjih domala identična tisti v pravih bojih, in ker so vitezi z vso resnostjo in v iskanju časti ter morebitnega zaslužka pristopili k pripravi na vojno, so bile tudi smrtne žrtve reden spremljevalec dogajanja. Prav zaradi tega je proti turnirjem že zelo zgodaj ostro nastopila katoliška Cerkev, medtem ko so glavni podporniki turnirja na drugi strani prihajali iz vrst višjega in nižjega plemstva. Ti so si od sodelovanja na turnirju, poleg utrjevanja duha in telesa v boju, obetali tako časti in slave, kot tudi materialnega blagostanja. V kasnejših obdobjih so se zaradi individualizacije bojev turnirji pričeli oddaljevati od vojaškega treninga in postajali vedno bolj del zabavnega družabnega dogajanja, na katerem je bil glavni cilj pridobiti si čast in/ali materialno bogastvo. Historic period of the High Middle Ages in Europe corresponds to 11th, 12th and 13th century. Its main characteristics include sudden demographic growth, tensions between secular and spiritual government, and the emergence of the Crusades. Knightly order, which combined the traditional old-Germanic rituals with Christian traditions and beliefs became the driving force of militarised medieval society. Chivalric ideal united loyalty and servitude towards a liege lord, as well as fight for freedom, truth and justice in the name of God and Church. Medieval tournaments also presented a certain novelty, as they came to being as a response to the progress in military technology, as well as military tactics. France is regarded as a homeland of the tournament, although it quickly spread across other European countries, such as England, Holy Roman Empire, etc. Tournaments in form of the tourney were, in their basic concept, a preparation of a knightly order for war, as they mimicked the actual battle charge of two closed formations of knights on horsebacks. The equipment used at the tournaments resembled that in real battles, and the knights, while hoping to gain considerable financial prize for their performance, followed the chivalric code of honour faithfully, which often resulted in lethal incidents. That is why the Catholic Church opposed the tournaments right from beginning, while their main supporters hailed from the ranks of higher and lower nobility. The latter aspired to strengthen their spirits and bodies in the art of combat, acquire fame and honour, and win financial rewards. Later medieval ages saw the popularisation of individual battles or jousts, which distanced themselves from the early form of military training and became more of a game at social gatherings, in which the main goal was to win honour and/or financial wealth.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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