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Konvencija o preprečevanju in kaznovanju zločina genocida iz leta 1948 je prvi dokument, ki je pomembno vplival na preprečitev in zatiranje dejanj genocida. Po sprejemu konvencije je preteklo vrsto let preden so bili narejeni nadaljnji koraki v smeri preprečevanja tega mednarodnega hudodelstva in sicer šele v letu 1993, z ustanovitvijo Mednarodno kazenskega sodišča za nekdanjo Jugoslavijo in leto kasneje še Mednarodnega kazenskega sodišča za Ruando. V diplomskem delu sem se najprej posvetila samemu pojmu genocid in ugotovila, da je ta izraz zasnoval poljski pravnik židovskega rodu Raphael Lemkin, kot odraz na nacistične pokole Judov ob koncu druge svetovne vojne. V zgodovini se je namreč dogajala vrsta pobojev za katere ni bilo pravega imena. Nekateri avtorji priznavajo holokavst kot edini genocid v celotni zgodovini, drugi so mnenja da med genocid nesporno spadata še Armenski in Ruandski genocid, spet drugi pa so mnenja da se je v zgodovini zgodilo že mnogo genocidov, med njimi tudi poboji v Bosni in Hercegovini ob krvavem razpadu SFRJ. Sedanjo pravno definicijo genocida najdemo v Konvenciji o preprečevanju in kaznovanju zločina genocida kot tudi v statutih MKSJ, MKSR ter MKS. Med genocidom in hudodelstvi zoper človečnost kot sorodnimi kaznivimi dejanji obstaja le tanka meja, zato moramo biti posebej previdni da so izpolnjene vse ključne predpostavke. Dosedanja definicija genocida ostaja podvržena številnim kritikam, še posebej zaradi dejstva, da zajema le stabilne skupine. Kljub prizadevanjem, da bi se v njo vključile še socialne in politične skupine, do realizacije tega nikoli ni prišlo. Mednarodna skupnost je na vojni v Bosni in Hercegovini in Ruandi odgovorila z ustanovitvijo dveh ad hoc mednarodnih kazenskih sodišč – MKSJ in MKSR. Varnostni svet OZN je ustanovil sodišči kot svoja pomožna organa ter hkrati državam zapovedal, da naj z njima v polni meri sodelujejo in odpravijo vse ovire, ki bi tako sodelovanje utegnile otežiti. Sodišči sta bili ustanovljeni kot ukrep za zagotovitev mednarodnega miru in varnosti. Statuta obeh sodišč imata vrsto skupnih določb, v svojih letih delovanja pa imata tudi že bogato sodno prakso. V svojih odločitvah sta dokazali, da posameznika njegov visoki položaj več ne ščiti pred pregonom ter da je mogoče, da se osebe, ki so najbolj odgovorne za grozodejstva, pozove na odgovornost. Z svojim delovanjem MKSJ in MKSR zagotavljata pomembne precedense za prihodnja Mednarodna kazenska sodišča in posamezna nacionalna sodišča ter bistveno prispevata k mednarodnemu miru in pravici v 21. stoletju. The Convention on Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide from 1948 is a first document which has had a significant impact on prevention and suppression of genocide. After signing the Convention it took many years before further steps were taken to prevent this international crime. The progress was made no earlier than in 1993 when the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia was established and a year later with the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In the beginning, in my diploma paper I focused on the term genocide and found out that it was created by a Polish jurist of Jewish descend Raphael Lemkin as an expression of Nazi slaughter of Jews at the end of WW2. Many massacres have taken place throughout the history however, no real name existed for them. Some authors consider holocaust as the only genocide in the entire history, while the other ones claim that to genocide undoubtedly belong the genocides in Armenia and Rwanda as well however, some other authors believe that throughout the history many genocides have happened, including the slaughter in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the bloody breakup of Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. The current legal definition of genocide is to be found in the Convention on Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, as well as in the statutes of ICTY, ICTR and ICT. There is a thin boundary line between genocide and crimes against humanity therefore it is necessarily to be careful that all crucial conditions are met. The definition so far is a subject of severe criticism, especially because of the fact that it includes only stable groups. Despite an effort to include also the social and political groups into the definition, this has never been realized. In response to wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Rwanda the International community has established two ad hoc international criminal tribunals – ICTY and ICTR. UN Security Council has established the courts as its subsidiary bodies and at the same time it has commanded all countries to cooperate to the full extent of their ability with the courts and to abolish all the obstacles which may take this cooperation difficult. The tribunals have been established as a measure to ensure peace and safety. The statutes of both Tribunals have many common provisions, and throughout the years of their operation they have developed a rich case law. With their decisions the tribunals have proven that an individual is not protected from the prosecution by his social status, and that it is possible that persons responsible for crimes are called on responsibility. By their operation ICTY and ICTR ensure significant precedents for the future International Criminal Tribunals and the individual national tribunals, and essentially contribute to the state of international peace and justice in the 21st century. |
