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Tema diplomskega dela so travme iz otroštva in njihove posledice. Namen je bil teoretično proučiti najpogostejše travme v predšolskem obdobju ter posledice, nastale zaradi njih. Teoretično so proučeni tudi znaki, ki so značilni za travmatiziranega otroka, ter naloge vzgojiteljice pri otroku s posledicami travm. Eden izmed glavnih namenov je bil ta, da se teoretično prouči, ali so starši eden od povzročiteljev travm pri otrocih. Metodološko plat teoretičnega diplomskega dela predstavlja deskriptivna metoda in uporabljeni viri. Najpogostejše travme v otroškem obdobju so: prometne in druge nesreče, družinsko nasilje, telesni napadi, izpostavljenost uličnemu nasilju, ugrabitev, otrok kot priča posilstvu, uboju ali samomoru, telesno trpinčenje, spolna zloraba, življenjsko nevarne bolezni ali ogrožajoči zdravniški posegi, naravne katastrofe in vojna dogajanja. Znaki, ki nastanejo kot posledice takih travm, so: strah in tesnoba, nazadovanje v razvoju, nezaželene vsiljive slike, izguba veselja do različnih dejavnosti, obnavljanje travm preko igre, umik in prekinjanje socialnih stikov, težave pri spanju, telesne težave (psihosomatska obolenja), slabša samopodoba, težave pri učenju idr. Nekateri od teh znakov se lahko razvijejo v dolgotrajne posledice težkih travm, ki pa lahko osebo spremljajo celo življenje. Dolgotrajne posledice težkih travm v otroštvu so lahko sledeče: vsiljivi spomini, travmatske sanje, strahovi, motnje spanja, negativna čustva, refleks zdrznjenja, psihosomatska obolenja, psihosocialne ali psihiatrične motnje, alkoholizem, uživanje drog, napadi panike, depresivnost, nizka samopodoba idr. Vloga vzgojiteljice v takih primerih je predvsem: opazovanje otrokovega vedenja, stik s starši, sodelovanje z nadrejenimi in strokovnjaki. Otrok v času po travmi potrebuje udobje, zaščito, dnevno rutino, sproščanje, razumevanje, pojasnila, informacije, igrače za preigravanje dogodka idr. Nekateri starši z neustreznim vedenjem in stilom vzgajanja povzročajo travme pri svojih otrocih. Travme pri otrocih lahko povzročijo naslednji vzgojni stili staršev: avtoritarna vzgoja, permisivna vzgoja in brezbrižna vzgoja. The topic of the Thesis is childhood trauma and its consequences. The purpose was to theoretically examine the most common traumas in the preschool period and their consequences. Theoretically the signs which are characteristic for a traumatized child are examined and also teachers tasks concerning a child with trauma consequences. One of the main purposes was to theoretically examine, if parents are one of the causes of trauma in children. The methodological aspect of the thesis is presented by the descriptive method and the used sources. The most common traumas in childhood are: traffic and other accidents, domestic violence, physical attacks, exposure to street violence, kidnapping, child as a witness of a rape, assassination or suicide witness, physical maltreatment, sexual abuse, life-threatening illness or threatening medical interventions, natural disasters and war events. Signs that arise as a result of such traumas are: fear and anxiety, downturn in developing, unwanted intrusive images, loss of enthusiasm for a variety of activities, reliving of traumas through playing, withdrawal and termination of social contacts, trouble sleeping, physical disorders (psychosomatic illnesses), lower self-esteem, learning difficulties and others. Some of these signs may develop in long-term consequences of severe traumas, which may accompany a person throughout his/her life. Long-term consequences of severe traumas in childhood may be the following: intrusive recollections, traumatic dreams, fears, sleep disturbances, negative emotion, flinch reflex, psychosomatic disorders, psychosocial or psychiatric disorders, alcoholism, drug use, panic attacks, depression, low self-esteem and others. The role of teachers in such cases include: observing the child's behaviour, contact with his parents, cooperation with supervisors and experts. A child in the post-trauma period needs comfort, security, daily routine, relaxation, understanding, explanation, information, toys etc. to dribble the event. Some parents cause traumas in their children with inappropriate behaviour and style of upbringing. Traumas in children can be caused by the following educational styles of parents: authoritarian, permissive and indifferent upbringing. |
