The war in Croatia 1990 - 1995

Autor: Hribernik, Miro
Přispěvatelé: Friš, Darko
Jazyk: slovinština
Rok vydání: 2014
Předmět:
Zdroj: Maribor
Popis: Zadnje desetletje 20. stoletja je za Jugoslavijo prineslo velike spremembe. Kmalu po Titovi smrti so do tedaj prikrite napetosti izbruhnile na površje. V začetku osemdesetih let so izbruhnili nemiri Albancev v avtonomni pokrajini Kosovo, ki so pomagali oživiti srbski nacionalizem, ki ga je komunistični režim desetletja držal pod kontrolo. Leta 1986 so bili objavljeni odlomki Memoranduma SANU, v katerem je bil položaj srbskega naroda v Jugoslaviji prikazan kot katastrofalen. V Srbiji je prišlo konec osemdesetih let do množičnega gibanja, ki je izražalo hegemonistične težnje Srbov pod vodstvom Slobodana Miloševića. Na Hrvaškem je na prvih svobodnih volitvah po drugi svetovni vojni zmagala HDZ (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica) pod vodstvom Franja Tuđmana, ki je sprejela vrsto ukrepov, ki naj bi zmanjšali nesorazmerno vlogo srbske manjšine v javnem življenju na Hrvaškem in oživila stare hrvaške simbole iz časa NDH, kar je med hrvaškimi Srbi povzročilo veliko ogorčenje. Avgusta 1990 so krajinski Srbi v Kninu razglasili avtonomijo in blokirali prometne poti Dalmaciji. Upor se je širil tudi na druga območja na Hrvaškem, kjer so živeli Srbi. V začetku leta 1991 so nemiri že prerasli v oborožene spopade s hrvaško policijo v Pakracu, Plitvicah in Borovem Selu. Na obeh straneh so padle prve žrtve. Hrvaška je bila razorožena in soočena z močno JLA, v kateri so prevladovali Srbi. Konec julija 1991 se je vojna na Hrvaškem dokončno razplamtela. Do tedaj so srbski uporniki, ob pomoči JLA in paravojaških formacij, brez večjih oboroženih spopadov s hrvaško stranjo uspeli okupirati velik del Hrvaške. Boji so izbruhnili v širokem loku od Gospića na jugu in Karlovca na severu, ki je blizu Zagreba in južno od njega, preko Pakraca in Okučanov do Vukovarja v vzhodni Slavoniji. Armada se je na Hrvaškem bojevala izredno regionalizirano, na več samostojnih in popolnoma ločenih celotah. Tako se je izoblikovalo več bojišč, ki med sabo niso bila vojaško povezana, ampak le smiselno v uresničevanju projekta Velike Srbije. Najbolj srditi boji z največ žrtvami so potekali na vzhodnoslavonskem bojišču in so dosegli višek s srbskim zavzetjem Vukovarja. Intenzivnost bojev na zahodnoslavonskem bojišču je le malo zaostajala za ostrino vzhodnoslavonskih bojev. Bojišče na Baniji in Pokolpju ter karlovško in kordunsko bojišče sta predstavljali najbolj severozahodno bojišče v vojni na Hrvaškem, hkrati sta bili najbližje Sloveniji. V Liki in severni Dalmaciji so hoteli srbski uporniki ob pomoči JLA zasesti Zadar in si tako izboriti prehod na morje. Hrvaške sile so tukaj spretno obranile Šibenik. Južnodalmatinsko (dubrovniško) bojišče je skupaj s pomorskim bojiščem predstavljalo najbolj južno dogajanje v vojni na Hrvaškem. V začetku oktobra 1991 je JLA z morja, kopnega in iz zraka nepričakovano napadla Dubrovnik, vendar so branilci odbili vse napade. Konec leta 1991 se je razmerje moči začelo nagibati v korist Hrvaške. Hrvaška vojska je to izkoristila z ofenzivo za osvobajanje zahodne Slavonije, ki pa je bila zaključena samo deloma, ker je bilo v začetku leta 1992 v Sarajevu podpisano premirje. Marca 1992 se je na Hrvaškem pričela operacija Zaščitnih sil OZN, ki so se razmestile na tista območja na Hrvaškem, ki so jih zasedli uporni Srbi in JLA. Aprila istega leta je Hrvaška vojska poskušala s prodorom v Baranjo, ki pa ni bil uspešen. V začetku julija 1992 je Hrvaška vojska z vojaško operacijo osvobodila dubrovniško primorje. 21. junija 1992 so hrvaške sile začele akcijo na Miljevškem platoju in tako prisilile srbske sile na umik iz okolice Šibenika in Vodic. V začetku leta 1993 je Hrvaška vojska pričela z operacijo, s katero je potisnila Srbe s ključnih točk okrog Maslenice, letališča Zemunik in jezu hidroelektrarne Peruća. Ob hkratnih vojaških akcijah je hrvaška stran s srbsko sklenila tudi nekaj sporazumov. Septembra 1993 so hrvaške sile osvobodile Medaški žep pri Gospiću. Hrvaška vojska je aktivno sodelovala tudi v v The last decade of the 20th century brought major changes toYugoslavia. Shortly after Tito's death latent tensions erupted to the surface. In the early eighties Albanian riots erupted in the autonomous province of Kosovo which helped revive Serbian nationalism for decades kept under control by the communist regime. In 1986 excerpts of SANU Memorandum were published in which the position of the Serb nation in Yugoslavia was portrayed as catastrophic. In Serbia in the late eighties a mass movement occurred which expressed hegemonic aspirations of the Serbs under the leadership of Slobodan Milošević. In Croatia HDZ (Croatian Democratic Union) under the leadership of Franjo Tuđman won the first free elections after the Second World War. HDZ has taken a number of measures to reduce the disproportionate role of the Serbian minority in public life in Croatia and revived the old Croatian symbols from the time of NDH (Independent State of Croatia), which caused great outrage with Croatian Serbs. In August 1990 the Krajina Serbs declared autonomy in Knin and blocked traffic routes to Dalmatia. The resistance has spread to other areas where Serbs lived in Croatia. In early 1991 the unrests have escalated into armed conflicts with the Croatian police in Pakrac, Plitvice, and Borovo Selo. First victims fell on both sides. Faced with the strong JLA dominated by Serbs, Croatia was disarmed. In late July 1991 the war in Croatia totally flared. Until then the Serb rebels – with the help of JLA and paramilitary formations – managed to occupy a large part of Croatia without major armed conflict with the Croatian side. Fights broke out in a wide arc from Gospić in the south and Karlovac in the north – which is close to Zagreb and south of it – over Pakrac and Okučani to Vukovar in Eastern Slavonia. The army fought in Croatia on a regional scale, in more independent and completely separated areas. In this way several battlefields were formed which were not linked militarily but logically in the implementation of the project of Greater Serbia. The fiercest fights with most victims were held in the Eastern Slavonian battlefield and culminated with the Serbian occupation of Vukovar. The intensity of the fighting in the Western Slavonian battlefield was only slightly behind that of Eastern Slavonia. The battlefields of Banija, Pokolpje, Karlovac, and Kordun were held for most northwestern battlegrounds in the war in Croatia, and were the closest to Slovenia. In Lika and northern Dalmatia Serb rebels –with the help of JLA – wanted to occupy Zadar and thus carve out the passage to the sea. Here Croatian forces skilfully fend off Šibenik. The south Dalmatian (Dubrovnik) battlefield together with the maritime battlefield represented the most southern developments of the war in Croatia. In early October 1991 JLA unexpectedly attacked Dubrovnik from the sea, land and air but the defenders repelled all attacks. At the end of 1991 the balance of power began to tilt in favour of Croatia. The Croatian army took this opportunity with the offensive for the liberation of Western Slavonia which was completed only in part due to the ceasefire signed in Sarajevo in early 1992. In March 1992 the UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force) operation was launched in Croatia. The troops were distributed to areas occupied by rebel Serbs and JLA. In April of the same year the Croatian army tried to penetrate Baranja but was not successful. In early July 1992 the Croatian Army liberated the Dubrovnik coastal area. On June 21 in 1992 Croatian forces began a campaign on the Miljevac plateau and thus forced the Serb forces to withdraw from the vicinity of Šibenik and Vodice. In early 1993 the Croatian army launched an operation which pushed the Serbs to withdraw from key points around Maslenica, airport Zemunik and the hydroelectric dam of Peruća. Simultaneously with the military actions the Croatian and Serbian sides also concluded a few agreements. In September 1993 Croatian forces liberated the Medak pocket at Gospić. Croatian ar
Databáze: OpenAIRE
Externí odkaz: