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Pričanje očividcev lahko predstavlja edini ali glavni vir dokazov pri preiskovanju kazenskih zadev. Spomin prič na dogodek je lahko še posebej pomemben, kadar je na kraju kaznivega dejanja več prič, preiskovalci pa se ne morejo istočasno vsaki priči enako kakovostno posvetiti. Poleg tega lahko v množici prič spregledajo tudi kakšno pričo, ki bi zmogla posredovati pomembne podrobnosti. V običajnih policijskih razgovorih s pričami je pogosto zaslediti postavljanje zaprtih, sugestivnih vprašanj, kar lahko privede do napačnih informacij ali občutka podrejenosti priče. Ti dejavniki so privedli do razvoja samoupravljanega intervjuja, katerega namen je čim bolj ohraniti spomin prič na dogodek. Temelji na tehnikah ustnega kognitivnega intervjuja (npr. postavljanje odprtih vprašanj, duševna obnovitev konteksta). Gre za preiskovalno orodje, ki ni nadomestilo kasnejšemu razgovoru s pričo, omenjen pripomoček namreč lahko priče izpolnijo doma in ga nato čim prej vrnejo preiskovalcem. Samoupravljani intervju je učinkovit le, ko ga priča izpolni neposredno po kaznivem dejanju, še vedno pa ostaja odprto vprašanje, ali pripomore tudi k lažjemu spopadanju s stresom. Proučevano orodje ni primerno za vsakogar, izvzete so namreč lahko tiste priče, ki imajo težave s pisnim izražanjem (npr. ljudje z disleksijo) in motivacijo. V drugem delu magistrske naloge je bila uporabljena empirična metoda. Na Fakulteti za varnostne vede Univerze v Mariboru je bila izvedena raziskava, katere cilj je bil primerjati točnost spominske obnove udeležencev, ki so izpolnjevali samoupravljani intervju in sodelujočih v kognitivnem intervjuju. Ugotovili smo, da bi samoupravljani intervju lahko pripomogel k boljšemu preiskovanju kazenskih zadev tudi v Sloveniji, saj so ugotovitve naše pilotne študije pokazale, da je bilo z njim zbranih več točnih podrobnosti kot s kognitivnim intervjujem. Ugotovitev naše raziskave sicer ni mogoče posplošiti na celotno populacijo, mogoče pa jo je razumeti kot izhodišče za razpravo in obravnavo vprašanj o sodobnejših, učinkovitejših in etično sprejemljivejših razgovorih za pridobivanje informacij od prič kaznivih dejanj v slovenskem pravosodnem sistemu. Eyewitness's testimonies may constitute the sole or main source of evidences in the investigations of criminal cases. The memory of witnesses on an event can be particularly significant when there are several witnesses at the scene of crime, and the investigators can not silmutaneously consecrate each witness the same quality. In addition, in a mass of witnesses any other witness who could pass relevant details can be overlooked. In typical police interviewing with eyewitness can frequently be overlooked asking closed, leading questions, which can lead to false information or witness's feelings of inferiority. These factors lead to development of self-administered intreview to strenghten and protect the witnesses's original memory trace. It is based on tehniques of verbal cognitive interview (eg. open questions, mental reinstatement of context). This investigation tool is not compensation to later interview with witness. Mentioned device could be completed at home, and than as soon as possible returned to investigators. The self-administered interview is effective only when is completed directly after crime. There is still open question if it helps by copping with stress. Studied tool is not appropriate for every witness. People who have trouble with writing expression (eg. people with dyslexia) and motivation will propably not be a suitable target group. In second part of Master's thesis empirical method was used. On Faculty of criminal justice and security University of Maribor the research was carried out. Its purpose was to compare accuracy of memory recall of respondents who completed self-adminstered interview and participants who collaborate in cognitive interview. We found out that self-adminstered interview could help investigators investigate crminal case in Slovenia also, because finding of our pilot study showed that self-administered interview cause better accuracy of memory recall than cognitive interview. The obtained results cannot be generalized to the population without reserve but they still may be seen as starting point for discussing and addressing questions about more modern, more effective and ethically acceptable interviews obtaining information from eyewitness in the Slovenian judicial system. |
