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Denne afhandling omhandler udvalgte emner af energistyring i det hjemligt miljø og IKT til Smart Grid. Til gengæld er disse to emner enorm men er der kun nogle aspekter af dem der er diskuteret.Denne afhandling fokuserer på at levere et energiledelsessystem til det hjemligt miljø, der er baseret på en teknologi, uafhængig platform som garanterer interoperabilitet samt skalerbarhed og fleksibilitet. Af denne grund er et gateway prototype udviklet i JAVA. Denne implementering giver de fornødne muligheder for en Home Energy Management System, dvs det giver brugeren mulighed for at overvåge og kontrollere de hjem enheder ud over at give energistyrings strategier for at reducere elforbruget. Reducere energiforbruget i hjemmet miljøer er blevet afgørende for at opfylde EU's klima- og energipolitikker for "20-20-20" målene.Men det er ikke tilstrækkeligt at reducere energiforbrug i det hjemligt miljø. Elnettet skal opgraderes og forbedres for at nå et "Smart Grid" som giver nye funktionaliteter, der vil reducere strømforbruget, effektivt distribuere energi og give et mere robust og modstandsdygtigt elnet. Bland de Smart Grid funktionaliteter, er der Advanced Metering Infrastructure og fleksibelt elforbrug, hvilke kræver en mere aktiv kundersdeltagelse. De resulterende IT-krav af disse to funktionaliteter er undersøgt, og der gives et forslag om et kommunikationsnetværk for dem. Power Line kommunikation har været betragtet som den mest egnede teknologi, der opfylder alle AMI og DR-krav. Konkret har den G.hnem anbefaling blevet evalueret for kommunikationen mellem kunder og forsyningsselskaber.Utilities vil kommunikere med kunderne via den såkaldte smart meter som findes i brugernes lokaler. Denne smart meter vil også være i stand til at kommunikere med husstandens gateway af husstandens energiledelsessystem. Denne udveksling af oplysninger mellem kunderne og de hjælpeprogrammer er vigtig, da kunderne vil have en mere aktiv rolle i Smart Grid ved at deltage i Demand reaktionsmekanismer. Den præsenterede Home Energy Management System i denne afhandling deltager i reduktion af efterspørgslen topper ved at fastsætte en maksimal husholdningernes forbrug, som ikke kan overskrides i myldretiden. Der er to primære motivationer for at reducere myldretiden: (i) at undgå strøm mangel og strømafbrydelser, (ii) at reducere ikke-vedvarende energi. I myldretiden er værker tvunget til hurtigt at øge deres elproduktion for at opfylde efterspørgslen. Sendes ikke-vedvarende energi anvendes til at nå efterspørgsel for i almindelighed kan vedvarende energikilder, såsom sol og vind energi, ikke styres.Det er klart, at AMI og DR bliver nødt til at kommunikere med kunder, der vil blive aktivt involveret, for at opnå den "20-20-20" mål. For at sikre at kundes deltagelse i Home Energy Management gives det højeste prioritet, for de fleste af denne kommunikation kan ske automatisk og uden at gå ud over brugernes komfort. Dette vil kræve brugerens forvaltning af Home Energy Management-indstillinger for at opfylde sine præferencer. This thesis addresses selected topics of energy management in home environments and ICT for the Smart Grid. However, those two topics are vast and only a few aspects of them have been discussed.This thesis focuses on providing a home energy management solution based on a technology independent platform which guaranties interoperability, as well as scalability and flexibility. Therefore, a home gateway prototype has been developed in JAVA. This implementation offers the required capabilities for a Home Energy Management System, i.e. it enables the user to monitor and control the home devices, in addition to providing energy management strategies to reduce electricity consumption. Reducing energy consumption in home environments has become crucial to meet the "20-20-20" targets set by European Commission Climate Action.However, reducing energy in home environments is not sufficient. The power grid has to be upgraded and improved into the Smart Grid. The Smart Grid will enable the power grid with new functionalities that will reduce power consumption, efficiently distribute energy and make a more robust and resilient power grid. Among the Smart Grid functionalities, there is Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Demand Response, which require a more active participation from customers. These two functionalities requirements regarding ICT are studied and a communication network for them is proposed. Power Line Communication has been considered the most suitable technology that fulfils all of the AMI and DR requirements. Specifically, G.hnem recommendation has been evaluated for the communication between custormers and utilities.Utilities will communicate with the customers via the so called smart meter found in users' premises. This smart meter will also be able to communicate with the home getaway of the Home Energy Management System. This exchange of information between the customers and the utilities is important as customers will have a more active role in the Smart Grid by participating in Demand Response mechanisms. The presented Home Energy Management System in this thesis participates in reducing demand peaks by setting a maximum household consumption that cannot be exceeded during peak hours. There are two main motivations for reducing peak hours: (i) to avoid power shortages and blackouts, (ii) to reduce non-renewable energy consumption. During peak hours, utilities are forced to rapidly increase their electricity production in order to fulfil the demand. Usually non-renewable energies are used to reach the demand as, in general, renewable energies, such as solar and wind energies, cannot be controlled.It is clear that AMI and DR will need to communicate with customers, who will become actively involved, in order to achieve the "20-20-20". In order to ensure, the custormers' participation in Home Energy Management plays an important role, as most of this communication could be done automatically and without scarifying users' comfort. This will require the user's management of the Home Energy Management settings in order to fulfil his preferences.The herein Home Energy Management System and AMI and DR proposed architecture have taken into consideration all the objectives and requirements to create a successful solution. |
