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Sustainable wildlife trade is critical for biodiversity conservation, livelihoods, and food security. However, compliance with wildlife trade rules and regulations aimed at sustainability cannot be taken for granted. The ecological, economic, and social impacts of non-compliance with wildlife trade rules have been widely documented across diverse biomes and can be especially acute in small-scale wildlife use contexts, which usually involve poor management and limited enforcement capacity. In this DPhil, I aim to contribute to the scientific understanding of how non-compliance in small-scale wildlife use contexts can be studied and managed, through applying innovative and interdisciplinary approaches, using a small-scale fishery in Chile as a case study. Data collection for the case study took place in the common hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) small-scale fishery in Chile’s VII region. I used specialised survey techniques for assessing non-compliant behaviours, key-informant interviews, literature review, and analysed government-based datasets. I found that most of the common hake traded in the analysed region comes from non-compliant activities. I also found that fishers' motivations for non-complying are diverse, depend on the rule, and include normative (i.e., prescriptions commonly accepted in a group, supporting desirable behaviors and forbidding undesirable ones), legitimacy-based (i.e., acceptance of decision-making and its outcomes by citizens) and instrumental motivations (i.e., economic calculation of the costs and benefits of compliance). Moreover, I found that non-compliance in this fishery is highly influenced by the operation of the supply chain and market dynamics. Specifically, I found traders’ (i.e., intermediaries) incentives to trade legal or non-compliant products help describe landings and the dynamics of the fishery. These incentives can be used to predict the effect of potential interventions to reduce non-compliant use. Based on the evidence gathered, I provide policy recommendations and guidelines to reduce the extent of non-compliant behaviours in this small-scale fishery case study and beyond. Likewise, in this DPhil, I provide tools and frameworks that can be used to study non-compliance in other wildlife trade contexts and to prompt new ways of thinking about how to intervene when non-compliance in small-scale wildlife use contexts is present. These tools and frameworks can be used to compare and contrast between cases, learn from experiences, and connect researchers working in diverse social-ecological systems under a common umbrella. This research demonstrates the need to systematically tackle non-compliance in small-scale wildlife use contexts, considering the diversity of actors involved and their motivations, and the market and supply chain used to trade wildlife products. |
