Raste li drveće u šumi po pravilima zlatnog reza i Fibonaccijevog niza?

Autor: Juraj Zelić
Jazyk: chorvatština
Rok vydání: 2006
Předmět:
Zdroj: Šumarski list
Volume 130
Issue 7-8
ISSN: 1846-9140
0373-1332
Popis: Na osnovi analize biometrijskih parametara rasta (prirasno-prihodne tablice) šumskih sastojina bukve EGT-II-D-11 (bukva sa šašem, Bezak et all, 1989) i hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.), Bezak, 2004, razmatra se mogući odgovor na pitanje: “Raste li drveće u šumi po pravilima zlatnog reza i Fibonaccijevog niza”? Zlatni rez ili božanski omjer otkriven je u starim kulturama i civilizacijama, primjenjivan kao idealna proporcija u umjetnosti i graditeljstvu, a otkriva se u živom materijalnom svijetu prirodnih zakonitosti rasta i razvoja biljaka i životinja. Izražen brojem dekadskog sustava iznosi: f = (Ö 5 +1) / 2 = 1,6180339... S omjerom zlatnog reza u uskoj je vezi Fibonaccijev niz, skup realnih brojeva čiji je član u nizu jednak zbroju dvaju prethodnih, primjerice 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144... Utvrđeno je da po pravilima zlatnog reza i Fibonacijevog niza drveće u šumi raste u debljinu, to jest raste prsni promjer, kružna ploha ili temeljnica, opseg stabla i promjer krošnje stabla kao linearno zavisna varijabla prsnog promjera. Rast prsnog promjera stabla može se izraziti linearnom funkcijom oblika: d = a + b t, u kojoj je zavisna varijabla prsni promjer a nezavisna starost stabla. Regresijski koeficijent b pokazje brzinu rasta stabla ili prirast, različit za pojedine vrste drveća i okolišne uvjete pod kojim stablo raste. Izražava se kao b-modul, koji zajedno s regresijskom konstantom a predstavlja geometrijski rast jednakokutne spirale unutar tzv. vrtložnog pravokutnika s odnosom stranica zlatnog reza. Tjekom životne dobi stablo u sastojini “teži” prosječnom prirastu (brzini rasta) iskazanom vrijednošću b-modula. Brzina rasta ili debljinski prirast predstavljen matematički derivacijom linearne funkcije daje konstantu b, kao izraz jednolikog gibanja, pozitivnog predznaka. Pomoću b-modula mogu se numerički iskazati boniteti za vrste drveća ili odrediti ekološko-gospodarski tipovi šuma. Modelom je pretpostavljeno da sila rasta stabla u debljinu nije ometana silom otpora rastu, kao unutarnjom strukturom rasta, a oscilacije u rastu (prirastu) uvjetovane su vanjskim, prisilnim silama. Rast stabla u visinu predstavljen matematičkom funkcijom drugog stupnja nema tijekom vremena zakonitost zlatnog reza i Fibonaccievog niza jer je sila rasta ometana prigušenom silom, silom otpora rastu, koja se tijekom životne dobi stabla povećava te završava maksimumom visine stabla, kada je sila otpora rastu u visinu jednaka sili rasta. Brzina rasta u visinu svojstvena je svakoj vrsti drveća, a uvjetovana je i vanjskim utjecajima, bonitetom staništa, toplinom, svjetlošću, strujanjem zraka, gustoći sastojine... Volumen rasta stabla je funkcija rasta prsnog promjera, visine i obličnog broja, uvjetovana unutarnjom strukturom rasta dviju suprotnih sila i vanjskim, prisilnim silama rasta te ne pokazuje rast po pravilu zlatnog reza i Fibonaccijevog niza. Zlatni rez volumena stabla, kao idealnu točku uravnoteženja proporcija vanjskog habitusa stabla i podzemnog dijela (korijena ), treba tražiti drugom metodologijom.
The analysis of biometric parameters of growth (yield tables) of forest stands of beech EGT-II-D-11 (beech with sedge, Bezak et al, 1989) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), Bezak, 2004, provides a possible answer to the question: “Do trees in a forest grow by the rules of the Golden section and the Fibonacci series?” The Golden section or the Divine proportion was discovered in ancient cultures and civilizations. It has always been applied as the ideal proportion in art and construction. It is revealed in the live material world of natural patterns of plant and animal growth and development. Expressed with the number of the decade system, it is as follows: f = (Ö 5 +1) / 2 = 1,6180339 ... Closely related with the Golden section proportion is the Fibonacci series, a set of real numbers whose member in a series equals the sum of two previous ones, e.g. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 144, … It was found that growth of forest trees in diameter follows the rules of the Golden section and Fibonacci series; this relates to the growth of breast diameter, basal area, tree circumference and crown width as a linear dependent variable of breast diameter. The growth of a tree’s breast diameter can be expressed with a linear function of the following shape: d = a + b t, in which breast diameter is a dependent variable and tree age an independent one. Regression coefficient b shows the rate of tree growth or increment, which is different for particular tree species and environmental conditions in which a tree grows. It is expressed as a b-module, which together with the regression constant a represents geometric growth of an equilateral spiral within the so-called square whirl in relation to the golden section sides. During its life, a tree in a stand “tends” towards the average increment (growth speed) expressed with the value of the b-module. Speed of growth or diameter increment, represented mathematically with a derivation of linear constant, provides the constant b as an expression of harmonious motion with a positive prefix. The b-module may be used to make a numerical expression of site classes for tree species or determine ecological-management forest types. The model presupposes that the force of tree growth in diameter is not inhibited by the force of resistance to growth as an internal structure of growth, whereas oscillations in growth (increment) are caused by external forces. Tree growth in height, represented by a mathematical function of the second degree, does not assume the patterns of the Golden section and the Fibonacci series because the force of growth is inhibited by a suppressed force, the force of resistance to growth. This force increases with ageing of trees and ends with the maximum of tree height, when the force of resistance to height growth equals the force of growth. The speed of height growth is individual for each tree species and is conditioned by external influences, site class, warmth, light, air circulation, stand density, etc. The volume of tree growth is the function of growth of breast diameter, height and form factor. It is caused by the internal structure of growth of two opposing forces and by external forces of growth and does not manifest growth according to the rules of the Golden section and the Fibonacci series. The Golden section of tree volume, as an ideal point of balancing the proportions of external tree habitus and underground part (root) should be sought with another methodology.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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