Feed-Forwardness of Spinal Networks in Posture and Locomotion
| Autor: | Gerasimenko, Yury, Sayenko, Dimitry, Gad, Parag, Liu, Chao-Tuan, Tillakaratne, Niranjala JK, Roy, Roland R, Kozlovskaya, Inessa, Edgerton, V Reggie |
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| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Afferent Pathways
Neurology & Neurosurgery Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects Physiological 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Posture Neurosciences Brain feed-forward control spinal learning Neurodegenerative Medical and Health Sciences Feedback Spinal Cord central pattern generation Underpinning research spinal automaticity Neurological Animals Humans Nerve Net Spinal Cord Injury Locomotion Traumatic Head and Spine Injury |
| Zdroj: | The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry, vol 23, iss 5 |
| Popis: | We present a new perspective on the concept of feed-forward compared to feedback mechanisms for motor control. We propose that conceptually all sensory information in real time provided to the brain and spinal cord can be viewed as a feed-forward phenomenon. We also propose that the spinal cord continually adapts to a broad array of ongoing sensory information that is used to adjust the probability of making timely and predictable decisions of selected networks that will execute a given response. One interpretation of the term feedback historically entails responses with short delays. We propose that feed-forward mechanisms, however, range in timeframes of milliseconds to an evolutionary perspective, that is, "evolutionary learning." Continuously adapting events enable a high level of automaticity within the sensorimotor networks that mediate "planned" motor tasks. We emphasize that either a very small or a very large proportion of motor responses can be under some level of conscious vs automatic control. Furthermore, we make a case that a major component of automaticity of the neural control of movement in vertebrates is located within spinal cord networks. Even without brain input, the spinal cord routinely uses feed-forward processing of sensory information, particularly proprioceptive and cutaneous, to continuously make fundamental decisions that define motor responses. In effect, these spinal networks may be largely responsible for executing coordinated sensorimotor tasks, even those under normal "conscious" control. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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