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近年、モラル/モラリティないし倫理をキーワードとした文化人類学的研究の公刊が英語圏で顕著なものとなっている。これらの研究で言及される先行研究には、贈与や、制裁と協力のルール、モラル・エコノミー、宗教的規範など文化人類学になじみ 深い古典が多く含まれている。それにもかかわらず、既存の価値観が揺らぐ地域を主たるフィールドとして発展してきたモラリティの人類学は、新たな分野として立ち上がりつつある。この背景には、伝統的な慣習にもとづく秩序や宗教的な規範だけでな く、近代化とともに普遍的とみなされるようになってきた価値観や政治的なイデオロ ギーですら強い影響力を持つとは限らないフィールドの現実によって、モラリティが複合的かつ多元的なものとして認識されるようになったという変化があると考えられ る。本特集では、このようなモラリティの多元性を念頭においたうえで世俗性と宗教性の接合状況に注目し、公的領域に関与するモラリティに注目した考察を行うことを 目的とする。A remarkable number of anthropological research studies concerning the terms “morality, ” “morals, ” and “ethics” has been published during the last decade. The anthropology of morality, which focuses on changing values under the process of social transformation, has been developed as a new genre of anthropology, although it is rooted in traditional anthropological themes: manners of gift-giving, rules of sanction and cooperation in the community, moral economy, and religious norms. Originally, studies from the religious perspective were distinguished from those from the secular and custom-based perspective. However, the concept of morality becomes regarded as complex and pluralistic, because not only traditional custom and religious norms but also modern universal values and political ideologies tend to have less influence on values in everyday life under the social transformational process. Morality in the public sphere is an arena of confrontation and compromise between secular and religious morality. Our papers in this special issue aim to discuss such pluralistic morality within the public sphere, through consideration of the conjunction of secularity and religiosity. In the interests of balance, two religious anthropologists and two political anthropologists examine morality in the public sphere from secular and religious perspectives in their own research fields: respectively, a Buddhist monastery in Myanmar, the “development” by Buddhist monks in Thailand, social engagement in Slovakia, and a community mediation system in Vietnam. |
