The Origins of Sūfukuji Temple in Ōmi Province and Its Transformation into a Government Temple
| Autor: | MURAKAMI, Takenori |
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| Jazyk: | japonština |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: | |
| Zdroj: | 史林. 105(3):377-414 |
| ISSN: | 0386-9369 |
| Popis: | 本稿は、天智天皇が近江国大津に創建した崇福寺について、草創期の宗教活動や天平期までの足跡を再検討し、七・八世紀における同寺の歴史像を再構築したものである。草創期の崇福寺は、天武系王権と対立的な大友皇子をも追善し、王権と一定の距離を保った比較的自由な立場で宗教活動を営んだ。一方、人的基盤たる常住僧が置かれず、物的基盤たる封戸の保有にも時間的制約が設けられ、存立基盤の不安定さも抱え込んでいた。そうした状況は、天平元年の｢官寺｣化を機に一変する。｢官寺｣化によって王権との関係性が深まり、宗教活動の自由性は相対的に減退したものの、常住僧の設置や封戸の永年保有などに与るようになった。｢官寺｣化は王権への密着を是とする藤原氏によって政治利用された結果であったが、これによって、国家仏事を支えるべき大寺院として発展していく道筋が開かれた。崇福寺の歴史のなかには、王権秩序と寺院秩序との相即関係の一端をも見出すことができる。 Emperor Tenji, who had just been enthroned, began the construction of Sūfukuji Temple 崇福寺 in the mountainous area northwest of the Ōtsu Capital in Ōmi Province in the first month of Tenji 7 (668). Many scholars have struggled to clarify the actual state of affairs regarding Sūfukuji. However, its place in history has yet to be determined. In this article, I use the three issues of memorial-day dharma assemblies (kinichi hōe 忌日法会), the process of construction and operation, and so-called government temples (kanji 官寺) to reconstruct the historic portrait of Sūfukuji in the 7th and 8th centuries. In the course of this effort, I eventually developed a theory of the monarchy. When Sūfukuji was founded, memorial-day dharma assemblies were held annually during the summer, autumn and winter. The autumn assembly alone had ceased to be observed by the 9th century. The reason for this change, the day it was held and for whom it was conducted, as well as other particulars of the ceremony have never been clarified. However, if we interpret the Sūfukuji ganmon 崇福寺願文(Dedicatory prayer for Sūfukuji) found in the Onjōji denki (Accounts of Onjōji Temple), the date of the autumn assembly is clear. The only person whose death fits that date is Prince Ōtomo. Conducting a memorial rite for Ōtomo indicates that Sūfukuji was situated at something of a remove from the Tenmu regime, and we can posit that the disappearance of the memorial service for Ōtomo marked the templeʼs rapprochement with the monarchy and its transformation into a government temple. Those who were memorialized at Sūfukuji were the three people who contributed most to its establishment: the founder, Emperor Tenji; his successor, Prince Ōtomo, and Prince Kusakabe. The role of Kusakabe in the founding of Sūfukuji is unclear, but, because the date of his death and the consolidation of the Sūfukuji as a sacred Buddhist site largely correspond, it is thought that Kusakabe worked to complete its sacralization. However, it seems that Kusakabeʼs efforts did not extend to the creation of monksʼ quarters, their living space. This is due to the fact that both written and archaeological sources indicate that the monksʼ quarters did not exist until after the latter half of the 8th century. It can be surmised that the creation of the monksʼ quarters was spurred by the transformation into a government temple. Sūfukuji became a government temple in Tenpyō 1 (729). Judging from the difference in the treatment afforded Sūfukuji immediately before and afterward, it is unambiguously clear that being transformed into a government temple meant becoming a Great National Temple 国大寺. A Great Temple 大寺 indicated a temple directly associated with the monarchical clan, which also entailed being an institution for the education of Buddhist monks. The chief cause of this turning point when the memorial services for Prince Ōtomo ceased and the monksʼ quarters were established can be found in the templeʼs transformation into a Great Temple. This transformation into a Great Temple was something of a strategic move to bolster the authority of the elevation of Fujiwara no Asukabehime to the rank of empress. As a result, although the flexibility of its religious activities was reduced, the foundations of its very existence as a temple were stabilized, and the way for the temple to become a Great Temple upholding the monarchy was opened. One can surely see here in the history of Sūfukuji an aspect of the close interrelationship between the authority and order of the monarchy and that of Buddhist temples. 本稿は日本史研究会古代史部会(二〇二〇年一月二〇日)での報告の一部をもとに成稿した。また本稿は、二〇一九年度日本学術振興会科学研究費補助金(特別研究員奨励費)による成果の一部である。 |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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