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This paper explores the development of participatory democracy in Portland, Oregon. It focuses on the following points: ⑴ smart growth, type of civic participation, and demographic change; ⑵ history of the ONI and citizen engagement from 1960 to the present; and ⑶ development of participatory programs. As the city of Portland experiences a growing population, it has been found that“equity”is an increasingly important word to describe their urban development and citizen participation. In addition, partnerships between citizen groups and local administration impact public policy not only to resolve local problems but also to ncrease the social capital of these groups. |
