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本稿では、Brown［1911］に記録された75項目のタマン語語彙資料を再検討する。さらに、ほぼ最後とみられる話者から採集した数語の語彙資料も活用し、チベット・ビルマ語派におけるタマン語の位置について考察する。調査の結果、以下の諸点があきらかとなった。1.タマン語の音素としては/a, e, E, i, 1, 5, o[O, A], u, @;p, ph, t, th, c[ts, tS], k, m, n, N, r, l, s(sh), S, x, h, w(v), y/が推定される。2.PTBからの改新としては、低母音の上昇（*-a>*-O）、軟口蓋閉鎖音の語頭における摩擦音化（*k->x-）、語末における消失（*-ak>-a）、高母音のあとでの付加（*-i>*-ik>-ek, *-u>*-uk>-ouk）、*gry-の破擦音化（*gry->c-）が特徴的である。3.ルイ語群に特徴的な語彙として否定接頭辞、「置く」、「行く」などがみられる。また、「太陽」の構成要素に「目」をもつ点もルイ語群的改新である。ただし、ルイ語群であると決定づける証拠はない。4.東北インドからビルマにかけて分布するさまざまなTB系諸言語と共有する語彙が散見される。各語群をむすびつける「繋聯言語」とかんがえられる。Taman is a Tibeto-Burman language once spoken in and around Htamanthi, Upper Burma. Taman materials are limited to only a list of 75 words recorded in Brown [1911]. On the basis of these vocabularies, Taman is usually believed to be a language closely related to Jingpho or Luish languages [Benedict 1972, Shafer 1974]. It is true that now almost all the Taman people speak only Burmese and Tai Naing (a variety of Shan spoken in Upper Burma, also known as Red Shan). However, in my last visit to Htamanthi in 2015, I met a Taman old woman who still remembered some words in Taman. Although she has forgotten almost everything about the Taman language, she has managed to recall some basic expressions as well as one short song in Taman. In this paper, I have examined these new materials as well as old ones recorded in Brown [1911] to decide the genetic position of Taman within Tibeto-Burman. The findings in this research can be summarised as follows. 1. Following phonemes can be postulated in Taman: /a, e, E, i, 1, 5, o [O, A], u, @; p, ph, t, th, c [ts, tS], k, m, n, N, r, l, s (sh), S, x, h, w (v), y/ 2. There are five striking innovations from PTB to Taman: (a) raising of low vowels (PTB *-a > Taman -O), (b) fricativization of velar stops in word-initial positions (PTB *k- > Taman x-), (c) loss of velar stops in word-final positions (PTB *-ak > Taman -a), (d) addition of velar stops after high vowels (PTB *-i/-u > Taman -ek/-ouk), and (e) affrication of *gry- (PTB *gry- > Taman c-). 3. It is possible to point out some characteristic words which can be found almost only in Luish and Taman such as a negative prefix (Proto-Luish *a-, Taman P@-), PUT (Proto-Luish *p´ey, Taman pe) and GO WALK (Proto-Luish *ha, Taman hO) as well as the lexical innovation of ‘sun’ in which ‘eye’ is included. Still, it is hard to tell whether Taman is Luish or not. 4. Taman can be labelled as a “link language” as it contains various types of vocabularies found in different branches of TB languages in and around Northeastern India and Upper Burma. |
