Effects of increasing dietary level of organic acids and nature-identical compounds on growth, intestinal cytokine gene expression and gut microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at normal and high temperature

Autor: Federica D’Amico, Pier Paolo Gatta, Marco Candela, Barbara Rossi, Ester Grilli, Daniel Scicchitano, Luca Parma, Enrico Volpe, Sara Ciulli, Andrea Piva, Alessio Bonaldo, Nicole Francesca Pelusio
Přispěvatelé: Pelusio N.F., Rossi B., Parma L., Volpe E., Ciulli S., Piva A., D'Amico F., Scicchitano D., Candela M., Gatta P.P., Bonaldo A., Grilli E.
Rok vydání: 2020
Předmět:
0301 basic medicine
Hot Temperature
Time Factors
Gene Expression
Growth
Aquatic Science
Gut flora
Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Feed conversion ratio
Citric Acid
Eating
03 medical and health sciences
chemistry.chemical_compound
Intestinal mucosa
Gene expression
Animals
Environmental Chemistry
Food science
chemistry.chemical_classification
Gut microbiome
High rearing temperature
biology
04 agricultural and veterinary sciences
General Medicine
Nature-identical compound
biology.organism_classification
Animal Feed
Sorbic Acid
Thymol
Cytokine gene expression
Diet
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Lactic acid
Intestines
Rainbow trout
030104 developmental biology
chemistry
Benzaldehydes
Oncorhynchus mykiss
040102 fisheries
Cytokines
0401 agriculture
forestry
and fisheries
Feed utilization
Organic acid
Bacteria
Zdroj: Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 107:324-335
ISSN: 1050-4648
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.021
Popis: Organic acids (OA) and nature-identical compounds (NIC) such as monoterpenes and aldehydes are well-known growth and health promoters in terrestrial livestock while their application for fish production is recent and their mechanisms of action require further study. Hence, this study tested the increasing dietary level (D0, D250, D500, D1000; 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg feed−1 respectively) of a microencapsulated blend containing citric and sorbic acid, thymol and vanillin over 82 days on rainbow trout to assess the effects on growth, feed utilization, intestine cytokine gene expression and gut microbiota (GM). Furthermore, the effects on intestinal cytokine gene expression and GM were also explored after one week at high water temperature (23 °C). OA and NIC improved specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion rate (FCR) during the second half (day 40–82) of the feeding trial, while at the end of the trial protein (PER) and lipid efficiency (LER) increased with increasing dietary level. GM diversity and composition and cytokine gene expression analysis showed no significant differences in fish fed with increasing doses of OA and NIC (82 days) demonstrating the absence of inflammatory activity in the intestinal mucosa. Although there were no statistical differences, GM structure showed a tendency in clustering D0 group separately from the other dietary groups and a trend towards reduction of Streptococcus spp. was observed in the D250 and D1000 groups. After exposure to high water temperature, lower GM diversity and increased gene expression of inflammatory intestinal cytokines were observed for both inclusions (D0 vs. D1000) compared to groups in standard condition. However, the gene up-regulation involved a limited number of cytokines showing the absence of a substantial inflammation process able to compromise the functional activity of the intestine. Despite further study should be conducted to fully clarify this mechanism, cytokines up-regulation seems to be concomitant to the reduction of the GM diversity and, particularly, to the reduction of specific lactic acid bacteria such as Leuconostoc. The application of the microencapsulate blend tested can be a useful strategy to improve growth and feed utilization in rainbow trout under normal temperature conditions. According to the results organic acids and nature-identical compounds did not revert the effects triggered by the increased temperature of water.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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