Metabolism of melatonin in the skin: Why is it important?
| Autor: | Tobias W. Fischer, Tae Kang Kim, Konrad Kleszczyński, Igor Semak, Ruediger Hardeland, Andrzej Slominski, Russel J. Reiter |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Keratinocytes
Male 0301 basic medicine Indoles Ultraviolet Rays Human skin Dermatology Biology medicine.disease_cause Methylation Biochemistry Catalysis Article Melatonin 03 medical and health sciences Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System Cricetinae medicine Animals Homeostasis Humans Receptor Molecular Biology Phylogeny Skin Epidermis (botany) Cytochrome P450 Metabolism Oxidative Stress Phenotype 030104 developmental biology Mutation biology.protein Female Epidermis Oxidative stress medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Experimental Dermatology. 26:563-568 |
| ISSN: | 0906-6705 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/exd.13208 |
| Popis: | Melatonin is produced in almost all living taxa and is probably 2-3 billion years old. Its pleiotropic activities are related to its local concentration that is secondary to its local synthesis, delivery from distant sites and metabolic or non-enzymatic consumption. This consumption generates metabolites through indolic, kynuric and cytochrome P450 (CYP) mediated hydroxylations and O-demethylation or non-enzymatic processes, with potentially diverse phenotypic effects. While melatonin acts through receptor-dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms, receptors for melatonin metabolites remain to be identified, while their receptor-independent activities are well documented. The human skin with its main cellular components including malignant cells can both produce and rapidly metabolize melatonin in cell-type and context-dependent fashion. The predominant metabolism in human skin occurs through indolic, CYP-mediated and kynuric pathways with main metabolites represented by 6-hydroxymelatonin, N1 -acetyl-N2 -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), N1 -acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol and 2-hydroxymelatonin. AFMK, 6-hydroxymelatonin, 2-hydroxymelatonin and probably 4-hydroxymelatonin can potentially be produced in epidermis through UVB-induced non-enzymatic melatonin transformation. The skin metabolites are also the same as those produced in lower organisms and plants indicating phylogenetic conservation across diverse species and adaptation by skin of the primordial defense mechanism. As melatonin and its metabolites counteract or buffer environmental stresses to maintain its homeostasis through broad-spectrum activities, both melatoninergic and degradative pathways must be precisely regulated, because the nature of phenotypic regulations will depend on local concentration of melatonin and its metabolites. These can be receptor-mediated or represent non-receptor regulatory mechanisms. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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