Scale and Drivers of Female Agricultural Labor: Evidence from Pakistan
| Autor: | Iqra Mohiuddin, Mobin-ud-Din Ahmad, Tasneem Khaliq, Shokhrukh-Mirzo Jalilov, Raza Ullah, Muhammad Asif Kamran, Sultan Ali Adil |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
agricultural labor
lcsh:TJ807-830 Geography Planning and Development lcsh:Renewable energy sources rice-wheat system Developing country farm size Management Monitoring Policy and Law gender bias 0502 economics and business Agricultural policy Pakistan 050207 economics Socioeconomics lcsh:Environmental sciences lcsh:GE1-350 Poverty Renewable Energy Sustainability and the Environment business.industry lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants 05 social sciences Labor relations Transplantation female labor lcsh:TD194-195 Agriculture Scale (social sciences) 050202 agricultural economics & policy Business Cropping |
| Zdroj: | Sustainability, Vol 12, Iss 6633, p 6633 (2020) Sustainability Volume 12 Issue 16 |
| ISSN: | 2071-1050 |
| Popis: | Agricultural labor is largely informal, particularly for female agricultural labor in developing countries. Despite significant participation in the agricultural labor force in Pakistan, women&rsquo s contribution is not properly acknowledged and rewarded. The issue is further aggravated by the dearth of literature on gender&ndash labor relations in cropping and livestock activities. Considering this gap in the literature, the current study was conducted with the specific objective of exploring the labor composition of different agricultural activities in different farm size categories in general and, particularly, female agricultural labor (family and hired labor) participation and its determinants in the rice&ndash wheat cropping system of the Punjab province, Pakistan. The data were collected from 300 households across four districts of the province. Labor participation was calculated on an official farm size classification basis, i.e., small (< 12.5 acres), medium (12.6&ndash 25 acres) and large (> 25 acres) farms. The findings show that female labor is predominantly demanded in the manual harvesting of wheat, rice nursery transplantation and harvesting, and the majority of the livestock-related activities. The regression model results showed that family female labor and hired female labor participation significantly depend on the landholding status of farmers, household size, family type and level of education. The interviews also illustrated that labor relations are rapidly changing&mdash ongoing mechanization threatens conventional female labor activities due to the lack of machinery operation skills among females, caused by informal state policies and cultural barriers. The findings of the study have important policy implications for mainstreaming gender status in agricultural policy and rural development and contribute directly to the Sustainable Development Goals on Gender Equality (SDG#5) and Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG#8), and indirectly to No Poverty (SDG#1), Zero Hunger (SDG#2), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG#12) and Climate Action (SDG#13). |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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