Sample Enrichment for Bioanalytical Assessment of Disinfected Drinking Water: Concentrating the Polar, the Volatiles, and the Unknowns
| Autor: | Marion Revalor, Leon I. Peters, Beate I. Escher, Daniel Stalter, Elissa O'Malley, Kalinda Watson, Janet Y. M. Tang, Maria José Farré, Urs von Gunten |
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| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
Bioanalysis
Vacuum distillation 0208 environmental biotechnology Fraction (chemistry) Portable water purification 02 engineering and technology 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Water Purification Tap water Animals Humans Environmental Chemistry Bioassay Sample preparation 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Chromatography Chemistry Drinking Water Extraction (chemistry) General Chemistry 6. Clean water 020801 environmental engineering Disinfection Environmental chemistry Water Pollutants Chemical Disinfectants Trihalomethanes |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Science & Technology. 50:6495-6505 |
| ISSN: | 1520-5851 0013-936X |
| Popis: | Enrichment methods used in sample preparation for the bioanalytical assessment of disinfected drinking water result in the loss of volatile and hydrophilic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and hence likely tend to underestimate biological effects. We developed and evaluated methods that are compatible with bioassays, for extracting nonvolatile and volatile DBPs from chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water to minimize the loss of analytes. For nonvolatile DBPs, solid-phase extraction (SPE) with TELOS ENV as solid phase performed superior compared to ten other sorbents. SPE yielded >70% recovery of nonpurgeable adsorbable organic halogens (AOX). For volatile DBPs, cryogenic vacuum distillation performed unsatisfactorily. Purge and cold-trap with crushed ice serving as condensation nuclei achieved recoveries of 50-100% for trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles and approximately 60-90% for purged AOX from tap water. We compared the purgeable versus the nonpurgeable fraction by combining purge-and-trap extraction with SPE. The purgeable DBP fraction enriched with the purge-and-trap method exerted a lower oxidative stress response in mammalian cells than the nonpurgeable DBPs enriched with SPE after purging, while contributions of both fractions to bacterial cytotoxicity was more variable. 37 quantified DBPs explained almost the entire AOX in the purge-and-trap extracts, but |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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