Chronic Fluoride Exposure and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder
| Autor: | Anna Strunecká, Otakar Strunecky |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Health
Toxicology and Mutagenesis water fluoridation Physiology lcsh:Medicine autism spectrum disorder endemic fluorosis Review medicine.disease_cause behavioral disciplines and activities immunoexcitotoxicity Melatonin socioeconomic status Fluorides 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Endemic fluorosis Environmental risk Risk Factors mental disorders neurotoxicity medicine Animals Humans Water fluoridation ASD prevalence Pathological 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences chronic fluoride exposure business.industry lcsh:R Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Neurotoxicity Environmental Exposure medicine.disease Autism spectrum disorder aluminum Neurotoxicity Syndromes business 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Oxidative stress medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 16, Iss 18, p 3431 (2019) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| ISSN: | 1660-4601 |
| Popis: | The continuous rise of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalent in the past few decades is causing an increase in public health and socioeconomic concern. A consensus suggests the involvement of both genetic and environmental factors in the ASD etiopathogenesis. Fluoride (F) is rarely recognized among the environmental risk factors of ASD, since the neurotoxic effects of F are not generally accepted. Our review aims to provide evidence of F neurotoxicity. We assess the risk of chronic F exposure in the ASD etiopathology and investigate the role of metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation, immunoexcitotoxicity, and decreased melatonin levels. These symptoms have been observed both after chronic F exposure as well as in ASD. Moreover, we show that F in synergistic interactions with aluminum’s free metal cation (Al3+) can reinforce the pathological symptoms of ASD. This reinforcement takes place at concentrations several times lower than when acting alone. A high ASD prevalence has been reported from countries with water fluoridation as well as from endemic fluorosis areas. We suggest focusing the ASD prevention on the reduction of the F and Al3+ burdens from daily life. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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