Urinary concentrations of parabens amongst Iranian adults and their associations with socio-demographic factors
| Autor: | Awat Feizi, Ghasem Kiani Feizabadi, Karim Ebrahimpour, Yaghoub Hajizadeh |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
Acceptable daily intake Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Socio demographics Urinary system Physiology 02 engineering and technology Urine 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology chemistry.chemical_compound 020401 chemical engineering Medicine 0204 chemical engineering Ethylparaben Waste Management and Disposal Organism growth 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Water Science and Technology Butylparaben Methylparaben business.industry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Pollution chemistry business Research Article |
| Zdroj: | J Environ Health Sci Eng |
| Popis: | BACKGROUND: Parabens are widely used to prevent organism growth and increase the shelf life of foods, medicines and personal care products (PCPs). Recent studies indicate their potentially harmful effects on human health. There is no information on the extent of exposure to parabens among Iranians. METHODS: We measured the concentration of urinary methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) among Iranian adults and calculated their estimated daily intake (EDI). Also, association between the level of urinary parabens with socio-demographic and lifestyle variables were investigated. RESULTS: Detection frequencies of MP, EP, PP, and BP were 98.9, 91, 94.3, and 88.2%, and their median urinary concentrations were 69.06, 9.10, 12.4, and 9.87 µg/l, respectively. Urinary parabens were higher in females, and the difference in the concentration of MP and PP was significant. A significantly positive correlation between MP and PP (r = 0.638) and a moderate to a weak correlation between other parabens were observed. There was a significantly negative weak correlation between age and MP, BP and PP. There was also a significant association between different age groups and MP, BP and PP as well as different BMI values and MP. The highest EDI value belonged to MP in the female group. Despite being lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI), its value was higher than that reported in other countries (except the US). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that Iranians are widely exposed to the parabens and the range of exposure was associated with socio-demographic factors. These results could serve as a basis for assessing the risk of exposure to parabens amongst Iranians. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40201-020-00540-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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