‘Beauty and the beast’ in infection: How immune–endocrine interactions regulate systemic metabolism in the context of infection
Autor: | Marko Šestan, Bojan Polić, Tamara Turk Wensveen, Felix M. Wensveen |
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Rok vydání: | 2019 |
Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
medicine.medical_treatment Immunology Endocrine System Context (language use) Biology Infections 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Immune system Insulin resistance insulin resistance medicine Animals Homeostasis Humans Immunology and Allergy Endocrine system Obesity glucose Receptor BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Clinical Medical Sciences. Internal Medicine BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Kliničke medicinske znanosti. Interna medicina Insulin BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Basic Medical Sciences Diabetes metabolic disease medicine.disease infection 3. Good health Glucose 030104 developmental biology diabetes Immune System Cytokines Insulin Resistance BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Temeljne medicinske znanosti 030215 immunology Hormone |
Zdroj: | European Journal of Immunology Volume 49 Issue 7 |
ISSN: | 1521-4141 0014-2980 |
Popis: | The immune and endocrine systems ensure two vital functions in the body. The immune system protects us from lethal pathogens, whereas the endocrine system ensures proper metabolic function of peripheral organs by regulating systemic homeostasis. These two systems were long thought to operate independently. The immune system uses cytokines and immune receptors, whereas the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate metabolism. However, recent findings show that the immune and endocrine systems closely interact, especially regarding regulation of glucose metabolism. In response to pathogen encounter, cytokines modify responsiveness of peripheral organs to endocrine signals, resulting in altered levels of blood hormones such as insulin, which promotes the ability of the body to fight infection. Here we provide an overview of recent literature describing various mechanisms, which the immune system utilizes to modify endocrine regulation of systemic metabolism. Moreover, we will describe how these immune–endocrine interactions derail in the context of obesity. From a clinical perspective we will elaborate how infection and obesity aggravate the development of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2 in humans. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of immune-induced changes in systemic metabolism following infection, with a focus on regulation of glucose metabolism. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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