Progress toward gender equality in the United States has slowed or stalled
| Autor: | Emma Mishel, Andrew Levine, Paula England |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Employment
Desegregation Social Sciences 050109 social psychology History 21st Century Political science 0502 economics and business gender 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences Pace Receipt Gender inequality education Gender equality Multidisciplinary occupational gender segregation Salaries and Fringe Benefits gender inequality 05 social sciences History 20th Century gender pay gap Educational Status Women's Rights Demographic economics sense organs 050203 business & management |
| Zdroj: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
| ISSN: | 1091-6490 0027-8424 |
| DOI: | 10.1073/pnas.1918891117 |
| Popis: | Significance Social scientists have documented dramatic change in gender inequality in the last half century, sometimes called a “gender revolution.” We show dramatic progress in movement toward gender equality between 1970 and 2018, but also that in recent decades, change has slowed or stalled. The slowdown on some indicators and stall on others suggests that further progress requires substantial institutional and cultural change. Progress may require increases in men’s participation in household and care work, governmental provision of child care, and adoption by employers of policies that reduce gender discrimination and help both men and women combine jobs with family care responsibilities. We examine change in multiple indicators of gender inequality for the period of 1970 to 2018. The percentage of women (age 25 to 54) who are employed rose continuously until ∼2000 when it reached its highest point to date of 75%; it was slightly lower at 73% in 2018. Women have surpassed men in receipt of baccalaureate and doctoral degrees. The degree of segregation of fields of study declined dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s, but little since then. The desegregation of occupations continues but has slowed its pace. Examining the hourly pay of those aged 25 to 54 who are employed full-time, we found that the ratio of women’s to men’s pay increased from 0.61 to 0.83 between 1970 and 2018, rising especially fast in the 1980s, but much slower since 1990. In sum, there has been dramatic progress in movement toward gender equality, but, in recent decades, change has slowed and on some indicators stalled entirely. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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