Orally Absorbed Cyclic Peptides
| Autor: | Martin J. Stoermer, Weijun Xu, David P. Fairlie, Andrew J. Lucke, Daniel S. Nielsen, Nicholas E. Shepherd |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Absorption (pharmacology) Cell Administration Oral Biological Availability 01 natural sciences Peptides Cyclic 03 medical and health sciences Small peptide medicine Animals Humans chemistry.chemical_classification Molecular mass 010405 organic chemistry General Chemistry Cyclic peptide 0104 chemical sciences Bioavailability Amino acid 030104 developmental biology Membrane medicine.anatomical_structure chemistry Biochemistry Absorption Physicochemical |
| Zdroj: | Chemical reviews. 117(12) |
| ISSN: | 1520-6890 |
| Popis: | Peptides and proteins are not orally bioavailable in mammals, although a few peptides are intestinally absorbed in small amounts. Polypeptides are generally too large and polar to passively diffuse through lipid membranes, while most known active transport mechanisms facilitate cell uptake of only very small peptides. Systematic evaluations of peptides with molecular weights above 500 Da are needed to identify parameters that influence oral bioavailability. Here we describe 125 cyclic peptides containing four to thirty-seven amino acids that are orally absorbed by mammals. Cyclization minimizes degradation in the gut, blood, and tissues by removing cleavable N- and C-termini and by shielding components from metabolic enzymes. Cyclization also folds peptides into bioactive conformations that determine exposure of polar atoms to solvation by water and lipids and therefore can influence oral bioavailability. Key chemical properties thought to influence oral absorption and bioavailability are analyzed, including molecular weight, octanol-water partitioning, hydrogen bond donors/acceptors, rotatable bonds, and polar surface area. The cyclic peptides violated to different degrees all of the limits traditionally considered to be important for oral bioavailability of drug-like small molecules, although fewer hydrogen bond donors and reduced flexibility generally favored oral absorption. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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