The relation of emotions to placebo responses
| Autor: | Magne Arve Flaten, Per M. Aslaksen, Peter Solvoll Lyby, Espen Bjørkedal |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2011 |
| Předmět: |
Analgesics
Relaxation (psychology) business.industry Emotions Dopaminergic Pain Classical conditioning Articles Anxiety Placebo Effect Placebo General Biochemistry Genetics and Molecular Biology Nocebo Effect Anti-Anxiety Agents Opioid Stress Physiological Humans Medicine medicine.symptom General Agricultural and Biological Sciences Reinforcement business Clinical psychology medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 366:1818-1827 |
| ISSN: | 1471-2970 0962-8436 |
| DOI: | 10.1098/rstb.2010.0407 |
| Popis: | The hypothesis put forth is that expectations of treatment effects reduce negative emotions and thereby reduce symptoms, e.g. pain. Negative emotions increase pain, and it is hypothesized that placebos reduce pain by reducing negative emotions, i.e. feelings of nervousness, fear and anxiety. Placebo analgesia has been shown to be mediated via opioid activity, and relaxation increases opioid activity. The placebo acquires its relaxing effect due to verbal information that pain will be reduced, or due to associations between the placebo and the reduction in pain after effective treatment. Thus, the placebo signals that unpleasantness will be less after administration of the placebo. This involves negative reinforcement which is due to activation of a dopaminergic system that has been found to be activated during placebo analgesia and is involved in positive emotions. The nocebo effect of increased pain is, consistent with this model, because of increased fear and anxiety. The new aspect of the presented model is the hypothesis that expectations reduce negative emotions, and that negative reinforcement that involves the dopaminergic reinforcement system should be a contributor to placebo responses. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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