Secondhand smoke exposure assessment in outdoor hospitality venues across 11 European countries

Autor: Joseph Osman, Ramona Brad, Sean Semple, Alessandra Lugo, Gergana Geshanova, Krzysztof Przewozniak, Xavier Continente, María José López, Alessandro Borgini, Ario Ruprecht, Ángel López-Nicolás, Luke Clancy, Sheila Keogan, Vergina Konstantina Vyzikidou, Olena Tigova, Anna Tzortzi, Joan B. Soriano, Silvano Gallus, Ute Mons, Elisabet Henderson, Giuseppe Gorini, Nuria Cortés-Francisco, José Precioso, Esteve Fernández, Ruaraidh Dobson
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2021
Předmět:
Zdroj: Dipòsit Digital de la UB
Universidad de Barcelona
Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Environmental Research
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
r-IIB SANT PAU. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica del Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau
instname
ISSN: 0013-9351
Popis: Objective Due to partial or poorly enforced restrictions secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) is still present in outdoor hospitality venues in many European countries. This study aimed to assess SHS concentrations in outdoor hospitality venues across Europe and identify contextual exposure determinants. Methods Cross-sectional study. We measured airborne nicotine and evidence of tobacco use in terraces of bars, cafeterias, and pubs from 11 European countries in 2017–2018. Sites were selected considering area-level socioeconomic indicators and half were visited during nighttime. We noted the smell of smoke, presence of smokers, cigarette butts, ashtrays, and number of physical covers. Contextual determinants included national smoke-free policies for the hospitality sector, the Tobacco Control Scale score (2016), and the national smoking prevalence (2017–2018). We computed medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) of nicotine concentrations and used multivariate analyses to characterize the exposure determinants. Results Nicotine was present in 93.6% of the 220 sites explored. Overall concentrations were 0.85 (IQR:0.30–3.74) μg/m3 and increased during nighttime (1.45 IQR:0.65–4.79 μg/m3), in enclosed venues (2.97 IQR:0.80–5.80 μg/m3), in venues with more than two smokers (2.79 IQR:1.03–6.30 μg/m3), in venues in countries with total indoor smoking bans (1.20 IQR:0.47–4.85 μg/m3), and in venues in countries with higher smoking prevalence (1.32 IQR:0.49–5.34 μg/m3). In multivariate analyses, nicotine concentrations were also positively associated with the observed number of cigarette butts. In venues with more than two smokers, SHS levels did not significantly vary with the venues’ degree of enclosure. Conclusions Our results suggest that current restrictions in outdoor hospitality venues across Europe have a limited protective effect and justify the adoption of total smoking bans in outdoor areas of hospitality venues.
Highlights • 94% of the outdoor premises had nicotine and in 92% there were people smoking. • All outdoor hospitality terraces where smoking was not allowed had smokers. • When >2 smokers were present, SHS levels did not vary with the venue's enclosure. • SHS exposure increased at night and in countries with higher smoking prevalence. • Our data indicate the need for total smoking bans in outdoor hospitality venues.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
Externí odkaz: