Bioavailability of Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment
| Autor: | Denis Hamilton, R. Gerald Stephenson, Elizabeth Carazo, Arata Katayama, Werner Koedel, Caroline Harris, Gijs Kleter, D. Kenneth Racke, J G M. Willie Peijnenburg, Aleksandar Sabljic, Raj Bhula, John B Unsworth, R. Donald Wauchope, Keiji Tanaka, Baruch Rubin, Yong-Hwa Kim, G. Richard Burns, Jan B H J Linders, Allan S. Felsot |
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| Rok vydání: | 2009 |
| Předmět: |
polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons
field-moist soils Chemistry Soil biology persistent organic pollutants bound pesticide-residues bioavailability ecotoxicity biodegradation bioaccumulation risk assessment complex mixtures supercritical-fluid extraction Bioavailability chemistry.chemical_compound Food chain bacterial outer-membrane Bioaccumulation Environmental chemistry Soil water earthworms eisenia-foetida Soil Pollutants artificially contaminated soils Leaching (agriculture) Rikilt B&T Novel Foods en Agroketens carbon-dioxide extraction Xenobiotic |
| Zdroj: | Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ISBN: 9781441913739 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 203 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 203. New York: Springer |
| Popis: | When synthetic, xenobiotic compounds such as agrochemicals and industrial chemicals are utilized, they eventually reach the soil environment where they are subject to degradation, leaching, volatilization, sorption, and uptake by organisms. The simplest assumption is that such chemicals in soil are totally available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via direct, contact exposure ; subsequently these organisms are consumed as part of food web processes and bioaccumulation may occur, increasing exposures to higher organisms up the food chain. However, studies in the last two decades have revealed that chemical residues in the environment are not completely bioavailable, so that their uptake by biota is less than the total amount present in soil (Alexander 1995 ; Gevao et al. 2003 ; Paine et al. 1996). Therefore, the toxicity, biodegradability, and efficacy of xenobiotics are dependent on their soil bioavailability, rendering this concept profoundly important to chemical risk assessment and pesticide registration. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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