Anatomical comparison across heads, fore- and hindlimbs in mammals using network models
| Autor: | Julia C. Boughner, Janine M. Ziermann, Rui Diogo, Borja Esteve-Altava |
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| Přispěvatelé: | Fundación 'la Caixa', Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Canada Foundation for Innovation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Opussum Histology Mouse Incus Thumb Modules 03 medical and health sciences Mice 0302 clinical medicine Opossum Forelimb medicine Animals Humans Molecular Biology Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics Phylogeny Skeleton Marsupial Modularity (networks) Connectivity Phylogenetic tree biology Malleus Musculature Cell Biology Opossums Models Theoretical biology.organism_classification Original Papers Hindlimb 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Evolutionary biology Anatomy Head 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Developmental Biology Human |
| Zdroj: | Digital.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC instname J Anat |
| Popis: | Animal body parts evolve with variable degrees of integration that nonetheless yield functional adult phenotypes: but, how? The analysis of modularity with Anatomical Network Analysis (AnNA) is used to quantitatively determine phenotypic modules based on the physical connection among anatomical elements, an approach that is valuable to understand developmental and evolutionary constraints. We created anatomical network models of the head, forelimb, and hindlimb of two taxa considered to represent a ‘generalized’ eutherian (placental: mouse) and metatherian (marsupial: opossum) anatomical configuration and compared them with our species, which has a derived eutherian configuration. In these models, nodes represent anatomical units and links represent their physical connection. Here, we aimed to identify: (1) the commonalities and differences in modularity between species, (2) whether modules present a potential phylogenetic character, and (3) whether modules preferentially reflect either developmental or functional aspects of anatomy, or a mix of both. We predicted differences between networks of metatherian and eutherian mammals that would best be explained by functional constraints, versus by constraints of development and/or phylogeny. The topology of contacts between bones, muscles, and bones + muscles showed that, among all three species, skeletal networks were more similar than musculoskeletal networks. There was no clear indication that humans and mice are more alike when compared to the opossum overall, even though their musculoskeletal and skeletal networks of fore- and hindlimbs are slightly more similar. Differences were greatest among musculoskeletal networks of heads and next of forelimbs, which showed more variation than hindlimbs, supporting previous anatomical studies indicating that in general the configuration of the hindlimbs changes less across evolutionary history. Most observations regarding the anatomical networks seem to be best explained by function, but an exception is the adult opossum ear ossicles. These ear bones might form an independent module because the incus and malleus are involved in forming a functional primary jaw that enables the neonate to attach to the teat, where this newborn will complete its development. Additionally, the human data show a specialized digit 1 module (thumb/big toe) in both limb types, likely the result of functional and evolutionary pressures, as our ape ancestors had highly movable big toes and thumbs. BE-A has received financial support through the Postdoctoral Junior Leader Fellowship Program from “la Caixa” Banking Foundation (LCF/BQ/LI18/11630002) and thanks to the support of the Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu (MDM-2014-0370). JCB is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI; JCB #29037), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC; JCB #2016-05177), and a College of Medicine Research Award. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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